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术前外周血炎症指标对转移性肾癌的预后价值

2023-04-08李翔宇毛昕张庆松裴兴超

青岛大学学报(医学版) 2023年6期
关键词:肾癌外周血炎症

李翔宇 毛昕 张庆松 裴兴超

[摘要] 目的

探究血小板與淋巴细胞比值(PLR)、中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)和系统免疫炎症指数(SII)对行减瘤手术的转移性肾细胞癌(MRCC)病人的预后价值。

方法 回顾性分析2012年1月—2016年12月于青岛大学附属医院泌尿外科确诊MRCC并行减瘤手术的80例病人的临床病理资料。使用X-tile软件计算外周血炎症指标的最佳截点值,据此将病人分为高数值组和低数值组,比较两组间差异,并采用单因素分析和多因素Cox回归分析了解炎症相关指标等临床病理特征对病人预后的影响。

结果 NLR、PLR、SII的最佳截点值分别为2.7、161.0、734.1。高NLR、PLR、SII数值均与更差的Fuhrman分级相关(χ2=4.863~17.875,P<0.05)。单因素分析显示,Fuhrman分级(χ2=6.045,P=0.014)、T分期(χ2=3.969,P=0.046)、是否为透明细胞癌(χ2=9.743,P=0.002)、NLR(χ2=17.025,P<0.001)、PLR(χ2=8.441,P=0.004)、SII(χ2=44.345,P<0.001)是行减瘤手术的MRCC病人总体生存期(OS)的影响因素。多因素Cox回归分析显示,SII(HR=5.087,95%CI=2.218~11.665,P<0.05)、是否为透明细胞癌(HR=0.487,95%CI=0.258~0.918,P<0.05)、Fuhrman分级(HR=1.684,95%CI=1.019~2.782,P<0.05)是MRCC病人OS的的独立影响因素。

结论 术前高SII数值提示行减瘤手术的MRCC病人较差的生存结局。

[关键词] 癌,肾细胞;肿瘤转移;血小板计数;淋巴细胞计数;中性粒细胞计数;系统免疫炎症指数;预后

[中图分类号] R737.11;R446.113

[文献标志码] A

[文章编号] 2096-5532(2023)06-0821-05

doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2023.59.176

[网络出版] https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20231218.1556.002;2023-12-19 17:34:48

PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF PREOPERATIVE PERIPHERAL BLOOD INFLAMMATORY MARKERS FOR METASTATIC RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

LI Xiangyu, MAO Xin, ZHANG Qingsong, PEI Xingchao

(Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, China)

; [ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo explore the prognostic value of the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) undergoing cytoreductive surgery.

MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 80 patients diagnosed with MRCC undergoing cytoreductive surgery in the Department of Urology of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from January 2012 to December 2016. Using X-tile 3.6.1 software, the optimal cut-off values of the peripheral blood inflammatory markers were determined to divide the patients into high-level and low-level groups for comparison analysis. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the influence of inflammatory indicators and other clinicopathological features on patient prognosis.

ResultsThe optimal cut-off values of NLR, PLR, and SII were 2.7, 161.0, and 734.1, respectively. High NLR, PLR, and SII values were all significantly associated with a worse Fuhrman grade (χ2=4.863-17.875,P<0.05). The univariable analysis showed that Fuhrman grade (χ2=6.045,P=0.014), T stage (χ2=3.969,P=0.046), being clear cell carcinoma or not (χ2=9.743,P=0.002), NLR (χ2=17.025,P<0.001), PLR (χ2=8.441,P=0.004), and SII (χ2=44.345,P<0.001) were influencing factors for the overall survival (OS) of patients with MRCC undergoing cytoreductive surgery. The multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that SII (HR=5.087,95%CI=2.218-11.665,P<0.05), Fuhrman grade (HR=1.684,95%CI=1.019-2.782,P<0.05), and being clear cell carcinoma or not (HR=0.487,95%CI=0.258-0.918,P<0.05) were independent factors affecting the OS of the patients.

ConclusionPreoperative high levels of SII suggest a poor survival outcome in patients with MRCC undergoing cytoreductive surgery.

[KEY WORDS]carcinoma, renal cell; neoplasm metastasis; platelet count; lymphocyte count; absolute neutrophil count; systemic immune-inflammation index; prognosis

肾细胞癌(RCC),简称肾癌,发病率低于前列腺癌和膀胱癌,但却是致死率最高的泌尿系统肿瘤[1]。得益于医学诊断水平的提升及人民对健康的重视,

早期肾癌的诊断率逐渐提高,但仍有25%~30%的病人初次就诊时就已发生转移,局限性肾癌病人即便接受手术治疗,术后仍有20%~30%的概率发生远处转移[2-3]。转移性肾细胞癌(MRCC)预后很差,该病病人的中位生存期约为13个月,5年生存率小于10%[4]。放化疗对肾癌治疗效果不佳,包括外科手术与靶向治疗在内的综合治疗是目前最佳的治疗方案,但由于手术对病人的打击和疗效的局限性,并不是所有病人均可通过手术获益,故急需寻找更多可用指标,帮助我们筛选合适的病人进行减瘤手术,有效延长病人生存期[5-6]。术前外周血炎症指标可用于评估多种实体肿瘤的预后,相关研究已经证实其在评估肺癌、肝细胞癌、结直肠癌等预后方面的价值[7-9],其在非转移性肾癌及泌尿系统其他肿瘤中的作用也有相关文献报道[10-12]。国内目前尚无术前外周血炎症指标对MRCC影响的相关报道,本研究旨在明确其对MRCC的预后价值,以期为临床医生提供合理治疗建议。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

纳入2012年1月—2016年12月在青岛大学附属医院经影像学或病理学诊断为MRCC,并行减瘤性肾切除手术且术后经病理学证实的80例病人,对其临床病理资料进行回顾性分析。排除标准:①多源性肿瘤;②合并可影响病人血常规结果的其他疾病;③术后病理结果为非RCC;④疾病临床信息未知或不完整。收集的临床病理资料包括:年龄、性别、病理类型、转移部位、术前血常规结果等。治疗后定期电话随访,最后一次随访时间在2021年12月。随访过程中,记录病人的死亡时间,总体生存期(OS)定义为减瘤术后至病人因肿瘤或非肿瘤原因死亡的时间。本研究共纳入80例病人,其中男性49例(61.3%),女性31例(38.8%);平均年龄为(58.7±9.5)岁;中位随访时间为61个月(5~69个月),共有71例病人(88.8%)在观察期间死亡,中位生存时间为38个月。本研究经青岛大学附属医院伦理委员会批准,研究对象均知情并自愿签署知情同意书。

1.2 研究方法

收集病人术前1周内血常规检验结果,根据外周血中性粒细胞计数(N)、淋巴细胞计数(L)、血小板计数(P)计算出各病人的中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR,N/L)、血小板与淋巴细胞比值(PLR,P/L)以及系统免疫炎症指数(SII,P×N/L)。使用X-tile软件绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,并计算NLR、PLR、SII的最佳截点值,据此将病人分为高数值组和低数值组,分析术前外周血炎症指标与其他临床病理特征的关系。采用单因素分析和多因素Cox回归分析了解炎症相关指标等临床病理特征对病人预后的影响。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料以±s表示,两组比较采用t检验;计数资料以例数和构成比表示,两组比较采用χ2检验;生存分析采用Kaplan-Meier分析和log-rank检验。对病人预后影响因素的分析采用单因素及多因素Cox回归分析,确定其风险比(HR)及95%置信区间(CI)。P<0.05认为差異具有统计学意义。

2 结  果

2.1 术前外周血炎症指标最佳截点值

使用X-tile软件确定术前1周内外周血相关炎症指标的最佳截点值。NLR的最佳截点值为2.7,据此将病人分为高NLR组(NLR≥2.7,42例,52.5%)和低NLR组(NLR<2.7,38例,47.5%)。PLR最佳截点值为161.0,以该值为分界,将病人分为高PLR组(PLR≥161.0,42例,52.5%)和低PLR组(PLR<161.0,38例,47.5%)。SII最佳截点值为734.1,以该值为分界,将病人分为高SII组(SII≥734.1,34例,42.5%)和低SII组(SII<734.1,46例,57.5%)。

2.2 术前外周血炎症指标与其他临床病理特征的关系

高NLR、PLR、SII水平均提示更差的Fuhrman分级(χ2=4.863~17.875,P<0.05)。此外,高NLR水平还与更差T分期有关(χ2=6.189,P=0.013);高PLR水平还与更大的肿瘤最大径相关(χ2=7.050,P=0.008);高SII水平还与病人高龄(t=2.335,P=0.022)、更大肿瘤最大径(χ2=5.805,P=0.016)、更差T分期(χ2=5.848,P=0.016)相关。NLR、PLR、SII水平与病人性别、是否有肺转移、是否为透明细胞癌均无关。见表1。

2.3 MRCC病人预后影响因素分析

单因素分析结果显示,Fuhrman分级、T分期、是否为透明细胞癌、NLR、 PLR、SII是行减瘤手术

的MRCC病人OS的影响因素,而病人的性别、年龄、是否有肺转移、肿瘤最大径与OS无关。见表2。将单因素分析中与OS相关(即P<0.05)的因素纳入多因素Cox回归分析,其结果显示,SII(HR=5.087,95%CI=2.218~11.665,P<0.05)、是否为透明细胞癌(HR=0.487,95%CI=0.258~0.918,P<0.05)、Fuhrman分级(HR=1.684,95%CI=1.019~2.782,P<0.05)是病人OS的的独立影响因素。见表3。

3 讨  论

炎症反应已被证实在肿瘤的发生、血管生成和转移等各个阶段均起到重要作用[13-15]。中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞参与人体免疫系统的组成,它们同样参与肿瘤的发生和发展[16-17]。中性粒细胞可产生多种炎症因子,如白细胞介素-10、血管内皮生长因子和前列腺素等,刺激肿瘤细胞复制、黏附、远处转移以及血管生成;近年关于肿瘤微环境的研究表明,中性粒细胞还会释放如活性氧和转化生长因子β等趋化因子,从而促使自己和其他细胞类型分化为促癌表型[18-20]。淋巴细胞可以诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡,并通过特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫将肿瘤细胞清除,因此,淋巴细胞水平下降可能表明机体抗肿瘤反应的下降[21-22]。肿瘤病人往往血小板升高,可能是因为一些肿瘤细胞可以产生和增加血小板生成素,血小板能释放血管内皮生长因子促进肿瘤血管的形成,同时作为循环肿瘤细胞的盾牌,可能会阻止它们受到内源性和外源性免疫攻击,导致肿瘤的增殖、侵袭和转移[23-25]。

NLR、PLR、SII由2种或3种炎症指标计算得出,在一定程度上反映了机体免疫能力,已被多项研究证明其在评估肿瘤预后方面的价值。WIDZ等[26]回顾性研究了196例行根治性肾切除术和肾部分切除术的非转移性肾癌病人的病例资料,结果显示,高NLR(≥2.69)与较高的Fuhrman分级、病理T分期及较差的OS显著相关,证明高NLR是病人OS的独立危险因素。LEE等[27]分析了单中心687例接受肾切除术的非转移性肾癌病人的数据,结果显示,PLR与肿瘤大小、Fuhrman分级、病理分期和肿瘤坏死显著相关,是病人癌症特异性生存率(CSS)和OS的独立预后因素。ZHANG等[28]对209例接受根治性膀胱切除术的膀胱癌病人进行了回顾性分析,结果表明,SII是OS的独立预测因子,而且比NLR、PLR和C反应蛋白与清蛋白比值有更高的预测效能。同样,JAN等[29]研究表明,SII作为上尿路尿路上皮癌病人的生存预测因子优于NLR和PLR。

本研究比较了NLR、PLR、SII这3种炎症指标对80例行减瘤手术的MRCC病人预后的影响,结果显示,高NLR、PLR、SII水平均提示更差的Fuhrman分级,此外,高SII水平还与病人高龄、更大肿瘤最大径、更差T分期相关。这些结果与LI等[30]的研究结果是一致的。另外,高NLR水平还与更差T分期有關,高PLR水平还与更大肿瘤最大径相关。单因素分析结果显示,NLR、PLR、SII均为行减瘤手术的MRCC病人OS的影响因素,这与MJAESS等[11]的研究结果一致。多因素Cox回归分析显示,SII是OS的独立预后因素,表明SII对于MRCC病人的预后价值最大。NLR、PLR、SII中仅SII是OS的独立预后因素,可能因为SII的升高反映了中性粒细胞升高、血小板升高和(或)淋巴细胞减少,包含了3种炎症细胞的变化,这3种炎症细胞均与RCC预后不良有关,而NLR、PLR只反映了2种炎症细胞的变化。

SII获取简单、计算方便、检测价格低廉,且多项研究证明了其对MRCC的预后价值,如CHROM等[31]的研究将SII纳入MRCC病人IMDC评分中,发现以SII代替中性粒细胞和血小板提高了模型的预后性能;BUGDAYCI BASAL等[32]研究认为,添加到IMDC评分中的SII可能在预测生存方面具有临床益处。因并非所有MRCC病人均可从减瘤手术中获益,且目前缺少更多有效的指标帮助临床医师进行决策,故SII是MRCC病人的一个强有力的预后标志物,可以在临床中用于危险分层,预测MRCC病人的预后,筛选合适病人行减瘤手术,从而延长病人生存时间。基于以上优点可将SII作为MRCC病人一个优良的预后评价指标进行应用和研究。

本研究的局限性:①纳入的样本量过少;②为回顾性研究,随访过程中可能收集到错误信息。上述两点局限性可能导致研究结果发生偏倚。因此,未来有必要纳入更多病例,甚至开展前瞻性研究来进一步探讨。

综上,术前高SII水平与行减瘤手术的MRCC病人的不良生存结局独立相关,对MRCC的预后具有重要的预测价值。

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(本文編辑 马伟平)

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