“查结构、看标点”求解“七选五”

河南 张根生

“七选五”的文章有五个空格，共提供七个备选项，要求考生从七个选项中选出五个合适的选项，填入对应空白处。每个空格有七种选择，因此，解题难度较大。2016—2021年高考英语全国卷的“七选五”有六次（2016年全国卷Ⅱ、2017年全国卷Ⅱ、2018年全国卷Ⅰ、2020年全国卷Ⅱ、2021年全国甲卷和乙卷）把标点符号从七个选项中移至语篇当中，甚至把一些单句的主干抽出来作为选项，语篇中只留下次要成分，这就打破了设空处是完整的句子这一局面，增添了对复合句中主、从句和并列分句的考查。设空已由单一化向多元化转变，考查方式变得多样化，对考生的语篇理解能力的考查更全面。根据语篇中句子的残存部分的内容去补全句子，更能考查出考生的语境分析能力和语意判断能力。对于“七选五”试题的解答，除了“看位置、析逻辑、找复现”外，句子结构和标点符号也是非常重要的解题信息。为此，本文从结构和标点两个角度入手求解“七选五”。

一、根据句子结构求解

1.如果题目设在段落标题处，考生可以通过其他段落的小标题的句式来缩小选择范围。如果其他段落的小标题是祈使句，本段标题也应该是祈使句；如果其他段落的小标题是名词短语，本段标题也应该是名词短语。缩小选择范围之后，再依据段落内容来锁定答案。

【链接高考】（2016年全国卷Ⅱ节选）

● 37

Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants,flowers,patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers（肥料）.Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants.However,there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.

●Recall（回忆）your childhood memories

A.Know why you garden

B.Find a good place for your own garden

【解题思路】本题考查对段落小标题的选择。首先根据下文的另一个小标题“● Recall（回忆）your childhood memories（祈使句）”，可以将选择范围缩小到“A.Know why you garden” 和“B.Find a good place for your own garden”，再根据段落中的“there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.”可知，该段主要是分析建设私人花园的原因。故选A。

2.在很多“总—分”结构的文章中，每个段落都有主旨句，这些主旨句往往句式相同。因此，如果设题处在段首，并且是本段的主旨句，那么可根据其他段落首句的结构并结合下文表达的内容来确定答案。

【链接高考】（2021年全国甲卷节选）

Swap.Don’t Shop!

You keep hearing about recycling,right? But it doesn’t end with bottles,cans,and paper.Clothing takes a huge amount of natural resources（资源）to make,and buying loads of new clothing (or throwing out old clothing) is not healthy for the environment.So what to do with all those perfectly-goodbut-you’re-maybe-a-little-sick-of-them clothes piled on your bedroom floor? Hold a clothing swap.It’s the best way to get rid of your used clothes,score clothes from your friends,and have a party all at the same time.

A successful swap depends on the selection of clothes,the organization of the event,and,obviously,how much fun is had.It’s really easy to do! Here are a few pointers.

●Invite 5-10 people so you have a nice selection.Less people than that,and there may not be enough things to choose from;more than that,and it becomes uncontrollable.

● 38.They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their“new”clothes home.

●Put different types of clothing on different surfaces in the room.Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots.Place a few mirrors around your room so people can see how things look when they try them on.One of the ground rules of the swap should be that everyone must try on the clothes before they take them—things always look different when you put them on.

● Set a starting time.Maybe you say“go”,or turn on a certain song,or whatever.Just keep music playing throughout.And don’t forget to put out some cookies and fruits.Remember,it’s a party!

A.Less people than that

B.Hold a clothing swap

C.If two people are competing

D.Just keep music playing throughout

E.Donate whatever clothes are left over

F.Have everyone put their clothes in the right spots

G.Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition

【解题思路】本题要求考生选主旨句。由于每段前都有实心圆点，因此可以初步判断每段的首句都是主旨句，并且都是祈使句，故38题的选择范围圈定在B、D、E、F、G。再根据下文“They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their‘new’clothes home.”可知，他们还应该准备大量的环保袋，把他们的“新”衣服带回家，G选项“告诉每个人带上完好且干净的衣服”恰好可以概括这一段的内容，且G项中的“clean clothes”对应下文的“‘new’clothes”，“bring”对应下文中的“carry”，下文中的“They”指代G项中的“everyone”。故选G。

3.可以根据上下文的语意和设空所在句子的残余部分的结构特征来确定答案。

【链接高考1】（2020年全国卷Ⅱ节选）

Written communications can often read as cold and dull.Using emojis can add humor and feeling,keeping intention clear.37,encouraging better and more frequent communication.

A.Messages with emojis feel more conversational

【解题思路】本题要求考生根据后面的逗号以及作结果状语的现在分词短语来补全句子的主干部分。空格前一句意为“书面交流常常被解读为冰冷枯燥，使用表情符号能增加幽默感和感情，从而保持意图清晰”，是在说明与书面交流相比，使用表情符号的好处，故设空处应与之在语意上一致。再由作结果状语的“encouraging better and more frequent communication”中的两个并列的比较级“better and more frequent”可以推断，句子主干部分含有比较级，只有A选项“Messages with emojis feel more conversational”含有比较级。故选A。

【链接高考2】（2020年全国卷Ⅱ节选）

40,and emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome.And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication,you’ll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.

F.Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace

【解题思路】本题要求考生根据设空处后面以and连接的并列分句的语意和结构来确定答案。后面的并列分句意为“表情符号直接有助于产生积极的结果”，F 项意为“研究表明更加友好的交流会带来更快乐的工作环境”，并且该选项中的“leads to a happier workplace”和后面并列分句中的“contribute directly to that positive outcome”的语意和结构相同。故选F。

二、利用标点符号求解

如果设空处后面是逗号，则此处要么填入复合句中的主句或从句，要么填入名词短语、介词短语或非谓语动词短语。如果设空处后面是句号，则要依据段落主题和上下文逻辑关系来解题。如果设空处后面是破折号，则破折号后面的内容是对设空处的内容进行解释和说明。如果设空处后面是问号，则此处应填入问句，并可由下文的答语推知问句的内容。

1.当设空处后面是逗号，且后面的句子是由从属连词引导的状语从句时，则设空处为主句。

【链接高考】（2021年全国乙卷节选）

According to Jessica Hagy,author ofHow to Be Interesting,it’s not difficult to make yourself interesting at a dinner party.

36,if you’re out of your comfort zone or if you’re wandering into somebody’s house for the first time.So the main thing is just to show up and be adventurous,trying different foods and talking to strangers.

B.The first step is to go exploring

【解题思路】根据设空处后面的句子“if you’re out of your comfort zone or if you’re wandering into somebody’s house for the first time”是由if引导的条件状语从句可知，此空应该填入一个主句。再由下文“be adventurous,trying different foods and talking to strangers”可知，本段告诉读者在晚宴上要勇于尝试，选项“B.The first step is to go exploring”（第一步是去探索）符合语境。故选B。

2.当设空处后面是逗号，且后面的句子没有连词引导，则设空处多为状语从句。

【链接高考1】（2021年全国乙卷节选）

People love to talk about themselves.If you can start the conversation with a question other than“What do you do for a living?”,you’ll be able to get a lot more interesting conversation out of whomever it is you’re talking to.37,it can bring in“I have this old,broken-down vehicle”or“I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.”It just opens up conversation.

C.If you ask the question “How did you get here?”

【解题思路】根据此空后的标点符号和标点符号后的句子可推知，此空应该填入一个从句。再根据“‘I have this old,broken-down vehicle’” or “‘I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.’”可知，设空处内容与交通方式有关。故选项“ C.If you ask the question,‘How did you get here?’”（如果你问“你怎么来的？”）符合语境。故选C。

【链接高考2】（2017年全国卷Ⅱ节选）

Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done.36，there are several ways to handle things.Let’s take a look at them now.

B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work

【解题思路】由逗号后面的句子可知，此空应该填入一个从句。上文讲的是“在工作时被人打断是最糟糕的事情之一”，再根据逗号后面的“there are several ways to handle things”可知，设空处的内容应该是“当你在工作时你想避免被打扰”。故选B。

【链接高考3】（2017年全国卷Ⅱ节选）

When you need to talk to someone,don’t do it in your own office.39,it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.

D.If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area

【解题思路】由逗号后面的句子可知，此空应该填入一个从句。根据逗号后面的“it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are”可知，设空处的内容应该是“如果在别人的办公室或公众场合”。故选D。

3.当设空处后面是句号时，考生要根据段落主题和前后句之间的逻辑关系来解题。

【链接高考】（2021年全国乙卷节选）

And what about that other dinner-party killer:awkward silence? If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party,the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment（赞扬）.40.Just quickly turn around and say,“This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.”

G.He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most

【解题思路】本段第一句为段落主题句，其意为“如何应对另一个宴会杀手：尴尬的沉默?”，“the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment（赞扬）”是应对宴会杀手——尴尬的沉默的方法，且G选项“He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most”中的“He or she（指代host）”，“awkwardness”为原词复现，G项“他或她是最能感受到这种尴尬的人”符合语境，与前面的句子构成了前果后因的关系。故选G。

4.当设空处后面是破折号时，考生要根据破折号后面的内容来确定答案，因为它是对前面内容的解释和说明。

【链接高考】（2016年全国卷Ⅱ节选）

●Recall（回忆）your childhood memories

Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandma’s rose garden and Dad’s vegetable garden might be good or bad,but that’s not what’s important.39—how being in those gardens made us feel.If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden,start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth.For each of those gardens,write down the strongest memory you have.Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden.Have fun.

C.It’s our experience of the garden that matters

【解题思路】由上文中“but that’s not what’s important”（那不是重要的事情）可知，设空处要讲什么重要，再根据破折号后面的内容“how being in those gardens made us feel”可知，设空处内容应该是对“我们”的关于花园的体验的解释，“It’s our experience of the garden that matters”（我们的关于花园的体验很重要）符合语境。故选C。

5.当设空处后面是问号时，考生要根据后面对这个问题的回答来确定设空处问的是什么。

【链接高考】（2021年全国乙卷节选）

38? If you can’t take their wine away,you should certainly try to take away their soapbox（讲台）.If you’re the host,you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation.Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say.

A.How do you know the host

F.What about that person who has had too much to drink or won’t stop talking

【解题思路】根据此空后的标点符号可知，此空应该填入一个问句，备选项中只有A和F是问句。再根据“If you can’t take their wine away”中的“wine”可知，F选项中的“has had too much to drink”与之属于同一范畴的表达，因此“对于喝多了或者不停说话的人该怎么办”符合语境。故选F。