骑楼街区再生工程设计，海口，海南

2022-10-25张杰,ZHUYayun

世界建筑 2022年10期

关键词：天后宫长堤中山路

设计主持：常青

方案设计：常青，王红军

合作设计：张鹏，戴仕炳，郑君彧，刘伟，门畅，吴雨航，赵英亓，周易知，林笑涵，辛静，刘思远

结构设计：卢文胜，程浩

设备设计：缪斌，杜文华，强建鹤，李志平，周谨

景观设计：董楠楠，范浩阳

施工图合作设计单位：海南华磊建筑

设计咨询有限公司

结构形式：框架结构

场地面积：37,475m²

建筑面积：83,249m²

建筑高度：约18m

设计时间：2010

竣工时间：2015

摄影：张嗣烨，项目工作组，业主

Principal Architect: CHANG Qing

Schematic Design: CHANG Qing,WANG Hongjun

Cooperative Architects: ZHANG Peng,DAI Shibing, ZHENG Junyu, LIU Wei,MEN Chang, WU Yuhang, ZHAO Yingqi,ZHOU Yizhi, LIN Xiaohan,XIN Jing, LIU Siyuan

Structural Engineers: LU Wensheng,CHENG Hao

Mechanical Engineers: MIAO Bin,DU Wenhua, QIANG Jianhe, LI Zhiping,ZHOU Jin

Landscape Design: DONG Nannan,FAN Haoyang

Construction Drawing Design: Hainan

Hualei Architectural Design Consulting Co., Ltd.

Structure: Frame structure

Site Area: 37,475 m²

海口骑楼街区建于1920-1930 年代，源于19 世纪末产生于南洋地区有着“五尺街”骑廊和地方化“巴洛克”饰面的商住街区，面积68hm2，是中国现存面积最大、保存最完整的骑楼街区。经过90 余载的沧桑变迁，海口骑楼老街奇丽外表的内里已衰朽不堪，街廓风貌破败严重。

1992 年夏，常青率同济建筑系实习学生赴海口测绘骑楼老街，做了风貌保护专题研究。2010 年夏，他再次受邀率团队二赴海口，对中山路、博爱北路、新华北路等骑楼街区进行了系统梳理和保护规划，6 年间先后完成了街廓和街景整治设计，以及重点建筑修缮设计，提升了街区的整体环境品质和生活条件；通过对典型民俗空间的内部整饬、复原及翻建激活历史空间记忆，延续原有社群结构和消费层次，从而实现了街区可持续的活化发展。特别是在中山路恢复了巴洛克街廓一楼一色的历史风貌，受到各界关注，成为海口市2017年春晚舞台。

此外，设计团队还对骑楼街区北缘破败不堪、鱼龙混杂的长堤路段进行了存真续新的有机更新设计，保留所有老骑楼，拆除低质建造物；摒弃与街区历史骑楼比肩争锋的仿古骑楼选项，精心设计有时代感的新骑楼，通过原型分析，提炼骑廊、山花风洞等要素，尝试塑造街区长堤路段内外新旧共生、和而不同的“骑楼外滩”独特风貌。□

The Qilou Historic District in Haikou,Hainan Province was built between the 1920s and 1930s, having its origins in the commercialresidential neighbourhood of Southeast Asia dating back to the late nineteenth century. The district is distinguished by Qilou (meaning"riding house") with balconies that extend into the streets on the upper floors, forming the "fivefoot way" arcades and localised "baroque"street façades. With an area of 68 hm2, the Qilou Historic District in Haikou is the largest and best-preserved qilou district in China. After more than 90 years of vicissitudes, the interiors of the street blocks have deteriorated beyond recognition, and the streets are in a dreadful state of dilapidation.

In the summer of 1992, Professor CHANG Qing led a team of architecture students from Tongji University to Haikou to conduct an architectural survey of the Qilou Historic District, producing a thematic research on urban landscape conservation. His team was invited to Haikou again in the summer of 2010 to conduct a thorough evaluation and conservation planning of the Qilou street blocks along Zhongshan Road,North Bo'ai Road and North Xinhua Road. Over the next six years, they completed a renovation design of the street fronts and streetscapes,as well as the renovation design of the most significant historic buildings, thereby enhancing the district's overall environmental quality and living conditions. The team also reorganised,restored and renovated representative folk spaces to awaken the memory of historic spaces and to maintain the social structure and consumption level of the local community, thus ensuring the district's sustainability and lively growth. In particular, the baroque-style street façades along Zhongshan Road were restored to its former glory, with each building retaining its distinctive flavour. Zhongshan Road has since then attracted the attention of all walks of life and became the focal point of the Spring Festival Evening Gala in Haikou in 2017.

1 骑楼街区平面Site plan of the Qilou Historic District

2 典型骑楼要素解析Diagram of the elements of a typical riding house

3 中山路街景Streetscape of Zhongshan Road

In addition, CHANG's team implemented an organic renewal design for the derelict and intricate Changdi Road section on the northern edge of the Qilou Historic District, preserving all the old qilou houses and demolishing low-quality buildings. After rejecting the pseudo-classical option that would have rivalled the historic qilou in the district, they meticulously created new qilou structures that evoked the spirit of the age. Through analysing prototypes and refining various elements such as arcades, triangle gable walls and wind openings, the team endeavoured to invent a distinctive appearance for the "Bund of Qilou" within and beyond the Changdi Road section, where the new and the old, while keeping their distinctive characteristics, have been coexisting in harmony.□(Translated by ZHU Yayun)

4 整饬后的中山路Zhongshan Road after renovation

5 骑楼内部整饬示意Interior renovation diagram of Qilou

6 整饬前的中山路Zhongshan Road before renovation

项目评论

海口骑楼街由于其突出的历史文化价值入选第一届全国十大文化名街。与其他中国历史街区一样，它也经历了衰落，面临人口拥挤、业态边缘化、房屋失修、文化空间失序，甚至被拆除的压力。在同济大学常青院士主持下，历经7 个多年头完成了街区的一期保护更新工程，取得了巨大的社会、经济和文化效益，为我国历史街区的保护树立了新的里程碑。

骑楼街区项目的成功在于整个设计有着深厚的研究基础，早在1992 年主持人就对该地区展开研究，对街区历史、建筑人文等有着准确的把握。在修复过程中，团队对老建筑进行了科学诊断，甄别有价值的载体，保留了多层次的真实历史信息；恢复了重要的文化空间（如天后宫），延续了骑楼街风貌的多样性，做到了一楼一色。在科学修复的基础上，主持人勇于创新，使新旧融合，且可识别，生动阐释和践行了梁思成先生提出的“修旧如旧”和冯纪忠先生提出的“整旧如故”保护理念。为了保障街区的长效管理，团队还结合当地实际，编制了相关技术导则，体现了可持续的遗产管理新理念。

街区的保护与文化复兴相辅相成，整个项目通过融合室内外环境，生动展示了街区丰富的人文内涵和浓郁的生活氛围，提升了社区自豪感。可以说，海口骑楼街区项目为全球活态遗产的保护提供了中国模式。

张杰

全国工程勘察设计大师

清华大学建筑学院教授北京建筑大学建筑学院特聘院长

7 整饬前的天后宫门楼Gatehouse of Tianhou Temple before renovation

8 天后宫门楼内侧“减半”The inner side of the gatehouse of Tianhou Temple

9 整饬后的天后宫门楼内景Interior view of the gatehouse of Tianhou Temple after renovation

10 位于骑廊内的天后宫门Tianhou Temple Gate

11 天后宫大殿The Great Hall of Tianhou Temple

12 “天后宫阙”牌楼—天后宫门楼剖面Section of "Tianhou Gongque"- Gatehouse of Tianhou Temple

13 “天后宫阙”牌楼"Tianhou Gongque" Archway

Comments

Due to its remarkable cultural and historical value, the Qilou Historic District in Haikou,Hainan Province, was included in the first Top 10 list of China's Most Prestigious Cultural Streets.Similar to other historic districts in China, it has seen decline and pressure from population congestion, commercial marginalisation, house dilapidation and cultural space deterioration, and is even under the threat of demolition. After seven years of long-term cultivation led by Academician CHANG Qing of Tongji University, the first phase of the conservation and regeneration of the Qilou Historic District was completed, achieving significant social, economic, and cultural benefits, and establishing a new standard for the conservation of China's historic districts.

The success of the Qilou Historic District project can be attributed to the extensive study that informed the design. CHANG Qing began studying this district in 1992 and has since acquired a comprehensive understanding of its history, architecture, and culture. During the restoration, his team conducted scientific analyses of the old buildings, identified valuable objects and preserved authentic historical information at multiple layers.They also restored significant cultural spaces such as the Tianhou Temple (Heavenly Queen Temple), and kept the stylistic diversity of the streets so that each building retains its distinctive flavour. Guided by the fundamental principle of scientific restoration, CHANG had the fortitude to innovate and integrate the new with the old without losing each other's characteristics, exemplifying and embodying the conservation ideals of LIANG Sicheng's"restoring the old as it previously appeared"(xiujiu rujiu) and FENG Jizhong's "restoring the old as it was" (zhengjiu rugu). To assure the district's long-term management, the team also produced suitable technical guidelines in accordance with local conditions, exemplifying the novel concept of sustainable heritage management.

14 长堤路骑楼外滩方案一鸟瞰Aerial view of Qilou Bund on Changdi Road, Scheme 1

15 长堤路新骑楼界面方案一Exterior view of the New Riding House on Changqi Road, Scheme 1

The conservation and cultural revitalisation of the Qilou Historic District complement one another. By blending the indoor and outdoor environments, the entire project highlights the district's rich humanistic connotation and dynamic living atmosphere, and has increased the community's sense of pride. The project provides a "Chinese model" for the conservation of the living heritage globally. ( Translated by ZHU Yayun)

ZHANG Jie

National Master of Engineering Design and Geotechnique Investigation Professor, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University Dean of the School of Architecture and Urban Planning,Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture