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语篇信号词在高考英语解题中的运用

2022-07-26浙江

教学考试(高考英语) 2022年3期
关键词:因果关系语篇逻辑

浙江 南 红

随着近几年高考英语的不断改革,阅读题型更加突出考查学生对语篇整体的理解能力,增强语篇意识是学生制胜高考的关键。葛炳芳提到:“文本解读的核心意义在于语言、内容和思维的统一。”其中,连贯与衔接是思维流动的标志,语篇信号词是思维的语言外显,是内容与逻辑相容的粘合剂,是情节跌宕起伏的连接点,关注语篇信号词是学生增强语篇意识的关键和突破口,感触语篇的思维流动的着力点,感知情节走向的重要依据,把握语篇的中心意思的风向标,提高高考英语解题能力的法宝。

一、语篇信号词与思维品质的关系

语篇中的信号词是语言的体现,更是思维和逻辑的标记。通过捕捉语篇中的信号词,学生可以理解思维的流向,从而更好地理解文本的主题意义。《普通高中英语课程标准(2017 年版2020 年修订)》(以下简称《课程标准》)把思维品质列入英语学科核心素养,并将其界定为一个人的思维个性特征,反映其在思维的逻辑性、批判性、创造性等方面所表现的能力和水平。学生训练自己识别语篇逻辑标记的能力,灵活使用语篇信号词,不仅有助于其正确把握语篇中的思维走向,在阅读过程中准确理顺逻辑,抓住主题意义,还能锻炼思维能力,提升思维品质,从而落实英语学科核心素养。

二、语篇信号词的功能

针对语篇的逻辑框架的搭建,特别是逻辑链的构建,我们可以通过勾选语篇信号词的方式勾连各部分的逻辑,再基于表层结构特征和深层结构特征运用恰当的语篇信号词,力求体现文章衔接与连贯的内部规律。语篇信号词包括连接词和指示词,指的是表示各种逻辑意义的连句手段,其功能是既在结构上连接语篇中相邻的两个或多个句子,又可以表明语篇中的各个句子之间语义上的联系。能表明逻辑的词或短语都可以作为语篇信号词,如连词、副词和介词短语,它们传达的信号十分明显,在语篇中准确把握这些信号词,有助于学生把文章读得更明白,把主题意义理解得更深刻。

三、语篇信号词的分类

语篇信号词是一些表达行文起承转合的词,在文本中很容易被发现,能够体现文本的逻辑流向和各种语义关系,有助于学生理解上下文的逻辑关系和语义重点。语篇信号词的分类具体如下表所示。

语篇信号词的分类

这里值得特别指出的是,有一些标点符号虽然不能称之为语篇信号词,但是它们也具备语篇功能,是语篇的信号标记,比如:破折号表示进一步的解释说明,分号表示并列关系,冒号表示提起下文。学生要想深入理解语篇和提高解题能力,也需要关注这些标点符号。

四、利用语篇信号词,提升解题能力

1.定位语篇信号词,速解阅读理解题

高考英语阅读理解试题的体裁以记叙文和说明文居多,然而不论何种体裁的文章,其行文逻辑的体现都离不开语篇信号词。语篇信号词在高考英语试卷的每篇阅读理解中都有所涉及,快速定位语篇中的信号词,能帮助考生提高解题效率。请看2022 年1 月浙江卷阅读理解A 篇的这段文字。

Itturns outthat pet transporting pays quite well at about$ 30 000 per year before tax.She doesn’t work in summer,asit would be unpleasantly hot for the animals in the car,evenwith air conditioning.As autumn comes,she gets restless—the same old wanderlust returning.It’s a call she must handle alone,though.Merebeth says,“When I’m on the road,I’m just in my own world.I’ve always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I must help animals.”

这里的语篇信号词turns out 表明这个结果有点出乎意料,暗含转折关系;as 表示原因,体现因果关系;even 体现递进关系;though 体现转折关系,只要考生厘清了这个语篇片段的关系,特别是最后一个转折关系,就可以很快选出第23 题的答案:

23.What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job?

A.She has chances to see rare animals.

B.She works hard throughout the year.

C.She relies on herself the whole time.

D.She earns a basic and tax-free salary.

虽然A、B、D 都可以用排除法排除,但是知道了转折关系,考生可以快速选出正确答案C。

又如阅读理解B 篇的这段文字“The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology,and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity.By providing long-distance communication and energy,electricity created the modern world.Yetproperly understood,the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam,which began a century earlier.”,从这个语篇片段里的语篇信号词Yet 就可以判断,转折之后必有重点,Yet 前面的部分可以理解为铺垫或次要信息,它之后的信息才是该语篇片段的重点,因此,第24 题:

24.What is Klein’s understanding of the age of electricity?

A.It is closely linked to the steam age.

B.It began earlier than people thought.

C.It is a little-studied period of history.

D.It will come to an end sooner or later.

只要定位了语篇信号词Yet,考生就可以直接选出正确答案A。

再如阅读理解C 篇的这段文字“The benefits of regular exercise are well documentedbutthere’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia(失智症)in later life,and if they did,it came on a decade later than less sporty women.”语篇信号词but 表示转折关系,表达的主题是but 后面的内容,也就是后面的研究发现,因此,第27 题:

27.What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?

A.Positive effects of doing exercises.

B.Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.

C.Experimental studies on diseases.

D.Advantages of sporty woman over man.

只要考生快速地通过语篇信号词but 定位语段所要表达的主要意思,就可以迅速确定答案为A。类似的还有阅读理解C 篇的这段文字“‘However,this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia;it only shows an association,’said Horder.‘More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important.’She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied,all of whom were from Sweden,so the results might not be applicable to other groups.”,通过语篇信号词However可知,“it only shows an association”是该语段要表达的主要意思,即“不是因果关系而是某种联系”,因此,第30 题:

30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A.More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia

B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise

C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia

D.Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness

很明显,只有选项C 符合该语段所要表达的主要意思。

2.揣摩语篇信号词,巧解“七选五”试题

“七选五”要求考生根据文章内容和结构,从文后的七个选项中选出五个最佳选项填入空白处,使文章连贯通顺,《课程标准》对该题型的表述为“此题型主要考查学生理解语篇上下文逻辑关系的能力”。语篇信号词可以使句内和句际的逻辑关系更加通顺,因此,通过不同的语篇信号词,学生可以推知句段与句段之间不同的逻辑关系,从而找出最符合行文逻辑的正确选项。比如“I have the same 24 hours in a day as you do,butI have made specific choices that allow me to make the most of every day,and still feel happy and relaxed. 31 .通过表示转折的语篇信号词but 可知,此句话的句内逻辑是强调转折后的意思“make the most of every day”,也就引出了整篇文章的主题——充分利用时间,因此考生据此可以迅速得出答案为“F.Perhaps these tips will help you make the most of your time.”。又如,“The world won’t come to an end in most cases justbecauseyou left a few things undone.Celebrate progress and keep refining (改进) toward a happy productive existence. 35 Every completion is a small victory that adds up in a big way.”这里的语篇信号词because 强调了句内的因果关系:一些事情没有做完也不要紧,引出后面要表达的主要意思:要享受过程并不断完善,每完成一个任务就是一个小的胜利,累积起来就是一个大的胜利,选项“G.This is why making lists is important in any productivity handbook.”正好强调的是列出任务清单的重要性,也是一个因果关系,且突出的主题与这个语篇片段是一致的。

3.抓住语篇信号词,增强完形填空的语境意识

完形填空是有完整内容且按照一定思路发展的文章,各段各句之间都有逻辑上的必然联系。考生要想提高解题效率,就必须增强语篇意识,厘清其结构布局,明辨句与句之间、段与段之间的关系,利用句与句、句群与句群之间的逻辑关系来解题。这些逻辑关系是靠语篇信号词来表达的,考生抓住了语篇信号词,就增强了其完形填空的语境意识,也就抓住了解题的关键,比如,“Ms.Burdeyney talked to some friends who had 39 problemsanddiscovered that they were largely suffering in 40 .‘Nobody chooses to talk about itbecauseit seems so 41 ,’she said.‘Butmore and more are sufferingandlives are being 42 .’”

39.A.similar B.various

C.personal D.special

40.A.turn B.peace

C.vain D.silence

41.A.unbearable B.abnormal

C.insignificant D.disturbing

42.A.compromised B.forgotten

C.substituted D.separated

这个语篇片段涉及两个句内的并列关系,一个句内的因果关系和一个句群间的转折关系。通过表示并列关系的and,以及前面提到的problems 和后面的suffering,可以判断第39 题表示谈到类似的问题;通过句内的并列关系和引号里没人谈论这件事的句际并列关系,可以判断第40 题表示沉默不语;通过句内因果关系,可以判断第41 题表示没人选择谈论这件事是因为觉得它微不足道;通过But 前后句间的转折关系和句内的并列关系,可以判断第42 题表示沉默的结果不是带来好处,而是更糟糕的结果,那就是越来越多的人忍受痛苦并向生活妥协。又如,“Seeing a ray of hope,Ms.Burdeyney began raising 46 for the project with a friend,Toronto businessman Meyer Zeifman.”

46.A.money B.standards

C.awareness D.questions

这里用v.-ing 形式作原因状语,表达的是因果关系,“因为看到希望,所以开始筹款”,干扰项是C“提高意识”,结合后句“So far,she has raised $ 110 000 with another$ 40 000 expected.”,并通过句际并列关系可以看出该空表示筹款。再如,“‘I just want to bring 54 into people’s eyesand thisis just the 55 .There is still a long way to go.’”

54.A.light B.joy

C.color D.beauty

55.A.future B.beginning

C.truth D.meaning

第54 题可以通过整篇文章的主题是让眼睛恢复光明来判断选择light;第55 题可以结合句内并列关系和指示代词this 指代前面所做的事情,并结合后句的句际并列关系来判断选择beginning,表示所做的事情仅仅是个开始。

4.品味语篇信号词,整体把握语法填空

虽然语法填空的语篇词数相对较少,但其仍是一个完整的语篇,它要求考生根据上下文填写所需的词汇,其中有单独考查考生填写语篇标记词的试题,这里的语篇标记词一般是连词或是副词,这就要求考生有语篇意识,在理解语篇的基础上运用语法知识。考生在解题的过程中细细品味语篇信号词,既能帮助其形成语篇意识,又能帮助其解题,一举两得,如,“Travelling to conferences,lectures,workshops,and the like — frequently by plane — 57(view)as important for scientists to get together and exchange information.ButCobb and others 58 (be)now questioning that idea—pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely,and59 (change)their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis.”中第57 题和第58 题考查的是主谓一致和时态语态,第59 题可以通过语篇信号词and 判断该空与questioning 是并列关系,从而快速得出正确答案 changing;又如,“Thatapproach brought Cobb’s air travel last year down by 75%,andshe plans 65 (continue)the practice.”中第65 题,通过语篇信号词That 和and 可知,这里体现的是并列对比的逻辑关系,表达接下来计划做什么,因此该空用动词不定式符合语境要求。

高考英语的语篇对学生的逻辑思维能力有明确的要求,信号词是语篇的主要纽带,通过正确运用语篇信号词这个逻辑的载体,学生能提高其在阅读过程中的解题能力。因此在高中阶段,学生很有必要掌握相关的语篇信号词知识。

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