常见的阅读理解正确答案的设置与出处规律探究

甘肃 段全山

2021 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试所应用的试卷中不论是全国甲卷、全国乙卷还是新高考卷的试题整体难度与往年大体相同。试题所选用的语篇围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题语境展开，体裁多样。在词汇的使用上，高考语篇的词汇丰富，含有大量的派生词、熟词生义现象以及英语短语与习语；在句式的选择上，有一定的长难句，句子结构复杂；在题型的设置上，延续了近几年高考英语阅读理解的出题模式，不仅重视对学生基础知识的考查，同时继续重点考查考生用英语分析问题和解决问题的能力，突出对考生核心素养的考查。试题融入了文化自信、国际视野、人文情怀等方面，体现了高考立德树人、培养考生良好品德、发展素质教育的目标，充分发挥高考的育人功能和积极的导向作用。高考英语阅读理解题考查的题型分为四种：细节理解题、主旨大意题、推理判断题和词义猜测题。2020—2021 年全国卷和新高考卷四种题型的考查情况如下表。

2020—2021 年全国卷和新高考卷四种题型的考查情况

从上表可以清晰地看出高考英语阅读理解题主要考查细节理解题与推理判断题。想要掌握阅读理解的通法，学生就要：一定——读题干，定位置；二查——查关键词、句，以及关键词、句的上一句或者下一句；三对比——推敲对比答案信息。高考英语阅读理解的正确选项的设置规律如下：

一、常位于段首段尾处，往往是同义替换

英语文章的主题句经常出现在首段，段落的主题句经常出现在段首。此外，首段的末句或第二段的首句常常也是文章的主题句。文章的尾段或者段落的结尾一般会是概括和总结性的陈述，经常会得出某种结论或提出某项建议，因此文章的段首段尾，经常是高考英语阅读理解设题的题眼。高考英语阅读理解题的正确选项大都不会直接采用原文的表达方式，而是采用同义替换的形式。

【例1】（2021 年新高考Ⅱ卷，阅读理解D 篇）

An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle,a development that could bring big changes to a profession that’s relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.

32.What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?

A.Soil pollution. B.Lack of workers.

C.Aging machines. D.Low profitability.

根据文章第一段可知，澳大利亚的一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。a labor shortage 与B 选项“Lack of workers.”为同义替换。故选B。

【例2】（2022 年1 月浙江卷，阅读理解A 篇）

It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about$ 30 000 per year before tax.She doesn’t work in summer,as it would be unpleasantly hot for the animals in the car,even with air conditioning.As autumn comes,she gets restless—the same old wanderlust returning.It’s a call she must handle alone,though.Merebeth says,“When I’m on the road,I’m just in my own world.I’ve always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I must help animals.

23.What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job?

A.She has chances to see rare animals.

B.She works hard throughout the year.

C.She relies on herself the whole time.

D.She earns a basic and tax-free salary.

根据最后一句“When I’m on the road,I’m just in my own world.I’ve always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I must help animals.”可知，当“我”在路上的时候，“我”只是在自己的世界里。“我”一直很独立，“我”强烈地觉得“我”必须帮助动物。“I’ve always been independent-spirited”与C 选项“She relies on herself the whole time.”为同义替换。故选C。

【例3】（2021 年新高考Ⅱ卷，阅读理解D 篇）

Other cattlemen see more promise in robots.Michael Kelsey Paris,vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Association,said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen,making them appealing targets.

35.How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?

A.Increase the value of cattle.

B.Bring down the cost of labor.

C.Make the job more appealing.

D.Keep cattle from being stolen.

根据文章最后一段中的“Michael Kelsey Paris,vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen’s Association,said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.”可知，俄克拉荷马州的养牛人协会副会长Michael Kelsey Paris 说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。“cattle theft”和D 选项中的“being stolen”为同义替换。故选D。

【例4】（2021 年全国甲卷，阅读理解D 篇）

Here’s the good news.In a wired world with constant global communication,we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.And the more we look,the more we will see that social factors（因素）like gender,race,and class do not determine the appearance of genius.As a writer says,future geniuses come from those with“intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力）,and simple good fortune,who are able to change the world.”

34.Why are more geniuses known to the public?

A.Improved global communication.

B.Less discrimination against women.

C.Acceptance of victors’ concepts.

D.Changes in people’s social positions.

根据文章最后一段中的“In a wired world with constant global communication,we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.And the more we look,the more we will see that social factors（因 素）like gender,race,and class do not determine the appearance of genius.” 可 知，在一个不断进行全球交流的有线世界里，我们都能看到天才的闪光。我们看得越多，我们就越会看到，像性别、种族和阶级等社会因素并不能决定天才的外表。“constant global communication”和A 选项“Improved global communication.”为同义替换。故选A。

二、抽象概括的为正确选项

正确选项常常是对原文内容的概括、归纳或推断。主旨大意题和推理判断题以及部分细节理解题的正确选项的设置都遵循这个规律，这就要求学生要透过现象去认识选项的本质。

【例1】（2022 年1 月浙江卷，阅读理解C 篇）

The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia（失智症）in later life,and if they did,it came on a decade later than less sporty women.

30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?

A.More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia

B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise

C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia

D.Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness

根据文章第一段中的“New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia（失智症）in later life,and if they did,it came on a decade later than less sporty women.”可知，新的研究发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患失智症的可能性要低近90%，而且如果她们患了失智症，也要比不喜欢运动的女性晚十年。文章后面几段通过介绍实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大降低。其他选项要么说法与原文不符，要么断章取义，要么没有概括。故选C。

【例2】（2021 年全国甲卷，阅读理解C 篇）

When I was 9,we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow,London on a gray January morning.Everyone in the family settled quickly into the city except me.Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days,I felt at a loss and out of place.Until I made a discovery.

31.What message does the author seem to convey in the text?

A.Children should learn a second language.

B.Sport is necessary for children’s health.

C.Children need a sense of belonging.

D.Seeing the world is a must for children.

根据文章第一段最后两句“Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days,I felt at a loss and out of place.Until I made a discovery.”可知，没有了“我”心爱的海滩和无尽的蓝天的日子，“我”感到不知所措，格格不入。直到“我”有了一个发现。根据第二段的描述可知，作者与当地伙伴们喜爱玩滑板。再根据第四段首句“When I returned to London in 2004,I found myself wandering down to Southbank,spending hours there.”可知，2004 年回到伦敦时，“我”自己去了南岸，在那里待了好几个小时。由此推断，孩子们需要归属感。故选C。此题需要考生读完后归纳总结从而得出答案，属于抽象概括。

三、反向思维，说法不绝对的为正确选项

选项一般用反向表述、双重否定、被动句式或相反的逻辑关系。选项中一般不包含only，absolutely 之类的词，包含can，may，might，likely 之类的词。

【例1】（2021 年全国乙卷，阅读理解D 篇）

So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that,in our offices,we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus.Indeed,the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process,and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.

34.What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?

A.Personal privacy unprotected.

B.Limited working space.

C.Restrictions on group discussion.

D.Constant interruptions.

由文章最后一段中的“The problem may be that,in our offices,we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’conversations while we’re trying to focus.”可知，问题是在我们的办公室中当我们试图集中注意力的时候，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。换句话说就是注意力持续被打断。故选D。

【例2】（2021 年全国乙卷，阅读理解B 篇）

These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone.In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket.Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere,anytime.

24.What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?

A.Their target users.

B.Their wide popularity.

C.Their major functions.

D.Their complex design.

根 据“These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone.”可知，如今，在澳大利亚，你很难找到一个15 岁以上的人没有手机。换句话说就是手机广受欢迎。故选B。

【例3】（2021 年全国甲卷，阅读理解D 篇）

In the sciences and arts,those praised as geniuses were most often white men,of European origin.Perhaps this is not a surprise.It’s said that history is written by the victors,and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club.When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club —women,or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.

32.What does the author think of victors’ standards for joining the genius club?

A.They’re unfair.

B.They’re conservative.

C.They’re objective.

D.They’re strict.

根据第三段中的“It’s said that history is written by the victors,and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club.When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women,or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.”可知，据说历史是由胜利者书写的，胜利者制定了进入天才俱乐部的标准。当俱乐部外的天才——妇女，或不同肤色或信仰的人做出了贡献，他们不被别人承认而且会被拒绝。再根据第四段中的“Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn’t take a genius to know the answer:absolutely not.”可知，我们的星球能承受任何伟大的思想家变得气馁和放弃吗?不需要天才就能知道答案：绝对不行。由此推断作者认为胜利者制定的加入天才俱乐部的标准是不公正的。故选A。

四、根据内容推测文章出处和类型

一般而言，若文中出现日期、地点或新闻报道的出处，文章为新闻（newspaper）；若文章介绍新产品、新影片、新书，文章为广告（advertisement）；若文中出现click here/website/www.等网络的相关表述，文章出处为网站（website）；若文章介绍旅游景点及事项，文章出处为旅游指南/手册（travel guide）；若文章介绍时尚、娱乐方面的内容，文章出处为杂志、期刊和娱乐节目（magazine/journal/entertainment）；若文章介绍科普知识或研究，文章出处为科学报告、学术研究（science report/study report）。

【例1】（2021 年全国甲卷，阅读理解A 篇）

23.Where can the text be found?

A.In a history book. B.In a novel.

C.In an art magazine. D.In a biography.

文章介绍了Take a view年度风景摄影师奖，并展示了Mike Shepherd 和Timothy Smith 拍摄的两幅风景画，属于艺术范畴，应该刊登在艺术杂志上。故选C。

【例2】（2022 年1 月浙江卷，阅读理解B 篇）

To frame his story,Klein creates the character of Ned,a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man’s lifetime.It’s a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interestingone.

26.What is the text?

A.A biography. B.A book review.

C.A short story. D.A science report.

根据最后一段的“To frame his story,Klein creates the character of Ned,a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steam and electric revolutions in America during one man’s lifetime.It’s a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.”（为了构建他的故事，Klein 创造了Ned 这个角色，一个虚构的人物，用他的一生见证蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。）可知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。