在高考英语应用文写作中如何合理增加细节

蒙杏菊

在高考英语应用文写作中，若只是简单地翻译题目中所给的写作内容，很容易出现内容不充实、词数不达标、语言欠丰富等诸多问题。因此，适当增加细节，使各个要点连贯起来，可以让写作内容更充实，行文更流畅。我们可以尝试使用以下几个方法来增加细节内容。

一、补充交际性语言

在应用文写作，尤其是书信写作中，适当地增加一些交际性用语，可以使语言更加得体。根据不同类型的信件，我们可以在开头和结尾使用不同的交际语。若收信人是比较熟悉的亲戚、朋友或关系比较亲近的人，可以在信的开头加入诸如“How are you doing？”“How is everything going？”之类的问候语;若收信人是陌生人或不是很熟悉的人，可以在信的开头加入自我介绍，以便让收信人对“我”的身份有初步了解，如“Im Li Hua， a Chinese student studying in London during the summer holiday.”在信的结尾，也可以根据不同的信件使用不同的交际用语，如：

（邀请信）I would appreciate it if you could accept my invitation.

（求助信）I would appreciate it if you could help me out.

（咨询信）Look forward to your early reply.

（求职信）I sincerely hope that you can take my application into consideration.

（感谢信）Thank you very much for your help and support again.

（道歉信）Please forgive me and accept my sincere apology.

二、增加相关的成分

指增加与写作要点相关的原因、结果、条件、方式、目的等成分，既可以用非谓语动词短语、状语从句，也可以用起补充说明作用的非限制性定语从句来表达。

1. 增加原因狀语

表示原因或理由，可以用thanks to， because of， as a result of， owing to， due to等引导的介词短语，或for the reason that， because， as， since， for等引导的从句。如：

（2021年全国Ⅰ卷） 向英文报投稿

基本要点：What impresses me most is the culture column.

增加细节：What impresses me most is the culture column， for the reason that in this column I can read humorous stories， travel stories， historical stories and something else about the foreign countries.

说明：增加陈述喜欢这一栏目的理由，使写作内容更丰富。值得一提的是，这里也可以用起补充说明作用的非限制性定语从句来说明原因：What impresses me most is the culture column， where I can read humorous stories， travel stories， historical stories and something else about the foreign countries.

2. 增加结果状语

常用so... that，such...that等引导结果状语从句。如：

（2020年全国Ⅰ卷）身边值得尊敬和爱戴的人

基本要点： My mother is a persistent person.

增加细节：My mother is such a persistent person that her spirit motivates me to overcome the difficulties and keep working hard.

说明：在陈述值得尊敬和爱戴的理由时，除了描写“我”妈妈的个人品质persistent外，通过运用结果状语从句，增加妈妈的个人品质对“我”的影响这一细节，使陈述的理由更加充分。

3. 增加目的状语

目的状语经常用so that， in order that， for fear that， in case等引导状语从句，也可以通过使用in order to， so as to， aim to， aim at等词引出的非谓语动词短语表目的。如：

（2019年全国Ⅱ卷）告知队友近期将参加比赛的信息

基本要点：We need to do something to prepare for the match.

增加细节：In order to improve our skills and cooperate with each other well， we need to do something to prepare for the match.

说明：增加陈述为比赛做准备的目的，更加突出了“为比赛做准备”的必要性。

4. 增加方式状语

方式可以由by doing sth来表达。如：

（2020年天津卷）利用网络学习英语

基本要点：I practice English everyday.

增加细节：I practice English everyday by reading English books or international news and watching foreign film on the Internet.

说明：增加具体通过什么方式方法训练英语，使论点更有说服力，使抽象的要点更加具体化。

三、增加细节描述

增加细节描述，抒发个人情感，对人物和事件作出评价等。

（2019年全国Ⅰ卷）申请做志愿者

基本要点：A Chinese painting exhibition will be held in a local art gallery.

增加细节：Im more than thrilled to be informed that a Chinese painting exhibition will be held in a local art gallery.

说明：在知道要举办中国画展后，增加描述“我”的个人情感，凸显了“我”渴望申请做画展志愿者的强烈意愿。

四、增加事例说明

通过列举具体事例，变抽象为具体，让读者更易理解。列举事例时常用such as， like， for example， for instance等。如：

（2021年全国甲卷）向外国朋友征求意见

基本要点：China has a unique traditional culture.

增加细节：China has a unique traditional culture， such as tea culture， paper cutting， Peking Opera， Chinese calligraphy， Chinese knot， Chinese cheongsam and so on.

说明：通过举例子，罗列出一系列中国独有的传统文化，让陈述更加具体化。

[牛刀小试]

一、完成句子 根据括号中的提示增加适当的内容，完成英文句子。

1. ________________________________________， a fire drill is going to be held on Friday in our school.（增加活动的目的）

2. The fire drill is of great significance__________________

_______________________.（增加原因）

3. There will be a variety of wonderful performances during the Music Festival _____________________________.（举例子）

4.___________________， I got on the bus heading to the competition hall. （增加个人情感）

5. Arbor Day falls on March 12________________________

___________.（增加事件评价）

6. We can save the resources by ______________________

___________.（增加方式方法）

7. It is a good idea to do regular exercise so that _________

__________________.（增加结果）

二、完成短文 请根据以下写作内容，合理增加细节，拓展写作要点，完成英语短文。

假定你是李华，上周日你校请专业人员为同学们讲解溺水急救知识并进行技能演示。请你为校英文报写一篇报道，内容包括：

1. 简要介紹该活动;

2. 实施急救的过程;

3. 你的感想。

基本要点：

____________， last Sunday our school invited a specialist to give presentation about giving first aid to the drowning people.

First of all， the specialist told us the importance of giving first aid. Then， he showed us what we should do____________. The most important is to keep calm，____________. Dialing 120 for professional assistance is vitally necessary，____________. And then rescuers need to check the victims situation____________. ____________， rescuers should perform mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing____________.

This activity was of great help，____________.

参考答案或范文

一、完成句子

1. Aimed at placing more emphasis on school safety/ In order to arouse our awareness of fire safety

2. because/ for the reason that it helps to promote our skills of dealing with emergency matters and have a better understanding of how to protect ourselves during the fire accident

3. including some traditional dances and classical songs/ ranging from folk dances to modern songs

4. Nervous and excited/ Filled with tension

5. which is an important event in China spreading the ideas that we are supposed to plant more trees to protect the environment

6. limiting the use of the resources and making good use of the recyclable garbage

7. you can strengthen your immune system and keep away from being infected

二、完成短文

In order to place more emphasis on instructing students how to deal with the emergencies， last Sunday our school invited a specialist to give presentation about giving first aid to the drowning people.

First of all， the specialist told us the importance of giving first aid. Then， he showed us what we should do in case of emergencies. The most important is to keep calm， which helps us deal with the emergencies better. Dialing 120 for professional assistance is vitally necessary， making sure that the victim could gain professional care. And then rescuers need to check the victims situation the moment he or she is helped out of water. If the victim is unconscious， rescuers should perform mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing before professional assistance arrives.

This activity was of great help， through which we have mastered some basic first-aid skills so that we can better prepare ourselves for an emergency.

責任编辑 蒋小青