提炼语篇主题，把握续写内涵

谯丽

【問题导读】

在读后续写中，主题是语篇讨论的焦点，是语篇的灵魂和统帅。主题渗透并贯穿语篇的全部内容，体现作者写作的主要意图及其态度。读后续写的实质是完整、恰当地表达语篇主题的过程，把握语篇的主题是续写的逻辑起点，是续写的依据和方向。主题把握不恰当，会让我们的情节设计不合逻辑，违背前文人物设定，情节偏离故事主线，或者感情基调与前文不匹配。因此，我们应当学会恰当提炼语篇主题，正确把握续写内涵。

【名师导学】

1. 历年高考读后续写的主题范围都是围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然这三大主题，通过常见的实际生活事例彰显人性的光辉，体现人与社会、人与自然和谐共处。

2. 历年高考读后续写的主题都是积极向上、弘扬正能量、传播美好品质的。把握这一原则，有利于我们更好地挖掘出语篇主题。

3. 续写是一个创新的过程，但我们在挖掘语篇主题的时候一定要有全局观，不能只看到语篇中的某个单词、某个短语就主观臆断文章主题，更不能脱离语篇实际，天马行空地编造主题。

【案例导引】

阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。

A Mothers Day Surprise

The twins were filled with excitement as they thought of the surprise they were planning for Mothers Day. How pleased and proud Mother would be when they brought her breakfast in bed. They planned to make French toast and chicken porridge. They had watched their mother in the kitchen. There was nothing to it. Jenna and Jeff knew exactly what to do.

The big day came at last. The alarm rang at 6 am. The pair went down the stairs quietly to the kitchen. They decided to boil the porridge first. They put some rice into a pot of water and left it to boil while they made the French toast. Jeff broke two eggs into a plate and added in some milk. Jenna found the bread and put two slices into the egg mixture. Next， Jeff turned on the second stove burner to heat up the frying pan. Everything was going smoothly until Jeff started frying the bread. The pan was too hot and the bread turned black within seconds. Jenna threw the burnt piece into the sink and put in the other slice of bread. This time， she turned down the fire so it cooked nicely.

Then， Jeff noticed steam shooting out of the pot and the lid starting to shake. The next minute， the porridge boiled over and put out the fire. Jenna panicked. Thankfully， Jeff stayed calm and turned off the gas quickly. But the stove was a mess now. Jenna told Jeff to clean it up so they could continue to cook the rest of the porridge. But Jeffs hand touched the hot burner and he gave a cry of pain. Jenna made him put his hand in cold water. Then， she caught the smell of burning. Oh， dear！ The piece of bread in the pan had turned black as well.

注意：续写词数应为150左右。

Paragraph 1：

As the twins looked around them in disappointment， their father appeared. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Paragraph 2：

The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

一、故事梳理

2021年新高考全国Ⅰ卷以第三人称视角，讲述了一对双胞胎在母亲节为母亲做早餐并送上一份节日惊喜的故事。但由于缺乏做饭经验，他们烤焦了面包，弄脏了厨房，Jeff烫伤了自己的手。在他们不知所措的时候，父亲出现了，帮助他们顺利完成了早餐，他们成功给母亲送上了一份节日的惊喜和祝福。

二、常用招式

妙招1：从标题看主题

一篇文章的标题通常有以下作用：点明写作的对象，概括文章的内容，表达作者的感情，揭示文章的中心。因此，抓住了文章标题就抓住了文章的主题。读后续写的语篇并不是每一篇都会有标题，但只要有标题，我们就一定要认真分析标题，先根据标题预测文章主题，让我们后面的续写有一定的方向性。

本篇读后续写的标题是A Mothers Day Surprise，通过这个标题我们可以知道本文的主要对象是母亲，文章主要讲的是母亲节的节日惊喜的故事。母亲节是儿女对母亲表达感激、爱意的节日。surprise一词透露出这将是一份让母亲感到开心的礼物，所以我们可以推测本篇文章的主题是表达对母亲的爱和感激，体现和谐美好的家庭关系。

妙招2：从主题段落或主题句看主题

主题句是表达段落或文章中心思想的句子，它能使读者在阅读时准确地抓住段落或文章的中心思想。因此，如果我们能够抓住一篇文章的主题句或者包含着主题句的主题段落，那么我们就抓住了文章的主题。很多情况下，我们是不能直接找到主题句的，但可以找到相关的主题段落，从而确定文章的主题。一般来讲，主题段落要么是文章第一段，要么是最后一段。我们可以通过细读主题段落中能够表达感情色彩的形容词和动词等，丰富我们根据标题推测的主题。

这篇文章第二段和第三段都是在描述做早餐的过程，所以我们需要格外关注的主题段落一定是第一段。细读第一段中的“The twins were filled with excitement as they thought of the surprise they were planning for Mothers Day. How pleased and proud Mother would be when they brought her breakfast in bed.”，我們发现语篇中出现了excitement、pleased和proud这些词，它们体现了双胞胎想到能够在母亲节给母亲一个惊喜就非常兴奋的心情，同时也体现了他们认为母亲看到这份惊喜一定会很高兴、自豪。这些描述渲染的氛围都是温馨的，感情基调是欢快、愉悦的，由此我们可以得知他们很爱自己的母亲，也可以感受到他们成长在一个温暖的家庭。同时从“How pleased and proud Mother would be when they brought her breakfast in bed. They planned to make French toast and chicken porridge.”这两句话，我们可以进一步完善我们根据标题推测的主题——这份母亲节的惊喜是双胞胎亲手做的烤面包和鸡肉粥，并且他们会亲自将食物送到母亲的床边，以此来表达他们对母亲的爱。

妙招3：从人物形象看主题

人物形象是文章的重要组成部分。人物形象是文章的文眼，所以作者通常会通过对人物形象的描写与刻画，间接地反映其想要表达的思想感情。因此，我们可以通过分析、品读文章的人物形象，来更好地理解作者的写作目的和文章主题。

在所给的语篇中，作者用了excitement、went down the stairs quietly等描写，把这对双胞胎为母亲准备礼物的快乐、激动和体贴、用心的形象生动地展现出来。而孩子们的激动和贴心都很好地反映出孩子们对母亲深厚的爱。

妙招4：从情节发展看主题

情节是叙事性文学作品内容构成的要素之一，指在叙事作品中表现人物之间相互关系的一系列生活事件的发展过程。情节是由一系列展示人物性格、表现人物与人物、人物与环境之间相互关系的具体事件构成的。情节对人物形象的塑造、主题的揭示等方面起着重要的作用，因此我们也可以从情节发展这一角度来挖掘文章主题。

所给语篇的情节发展可以概括为：双胞胎早起准备烤面包和煮鸡肉粥——刚开始，一切准备工作都在顺利进行——由于缺乏经验，他们遇到了重重困难。在这个故事中，根据他们刚开始做早餐时有条不紊的准备过程，再结合第一段中的“They had watched their mother in the kitchen.”，我们可以感知平时在母亲做饭时，这对双胞胎会经常在旁边看着母亲，不管是聊天，还是帮忙，这些都是一种很好的陪伴，这体现了双胞胎与母亲的关系很融洽、亲近。

文章第二段后半部分和第三段描写了双胞胎在做早餐过程中遇到的重重困难——面包糊了、粥撒了、手被烫了，但他们都没有放弃为母亲准备这份节日的惊喜，这也从侧面反映出他们深深地爱着母亲。

妙招5：从文章中的关键句看主题

关键句是指在文章中有重要地位和作用的句子。它可以是不同层次的中心句，也可以是结构上的领起句、总结句和重要的过渡句，或者是在表达上有特色的句子，还可以是文章中一些哲理深厚的句子，这些都可以是文中作者情感表达的突破口。我们可以通过对这些句子的解读，深化中心，理解作者的目的，把握文章的主题。

所给语篇第一段中有这样一句话：“There was nothing to it. Jenna and Jeff knew exactly what to do.”。双胞胎在做早餐之前认为自己以前看过母亲做饭，所以觉得做饭没有什么困难。对比后面他们在做早餐时遇到的困难，反映出做饭没有想象中简单，从侧面体现出母亲平时做饭的艰辛。这也是双胞胎在这次劳动中所体会到的，而这也应该让他们更深刻地体会到母亲平时的辛苦，进而更加感恩和珍惜母亲的付出。

挖掘主题的方法有很多，但并不是每一篇文章都要用上所有的技巧，我们在平时的写作中需要有意识地运用恰当的方法挖掘主题，熟能生巧，慢慢地，我们就能准确高效地选择恰当的方法，提炼出文章的主题。

【参考范文】

Paragraph 1：

As the twins looked around them in disappointment， their father appeared. Looking at the black bread and messy stove， instead of scolding them， Father asked them what had happened. The twins told the whole story to him. After knowing what the twins planned to do， Father praised them and patiently helped them clean up the stove and guided them to make the breakfast. Under their fathers careful instructions， it didnt take long before the French toast and chicken porridge were ready. Everything settled， the twins couldnt wait to surprise their mother.

Paragraph 2：

The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up.“Happy Mothers Day！ We love you， Mom！ ” yelled the twins excitedly. At the sight of the French toast and chicken porridge， their mothers eyes twinkled with joy and she held them in a warm embrace， saying， “Oh， my dear！ What a surprise！” The twins suggested their mother have a try and expressed their sincere gratitude， “It was until today that we knew it was not easy to cook. Thanks for everything youve done for us， Mom.” Tasting the special breakfast， their mother couldnt feel more pleased and proud. The early sunlight streaming in， the whole family was bathed in love and happiness.

【模擬导练】

阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。

Bird song

“Let it go！” Caroline yelled. Two boys were bending over a bird， as a third one held the poor creature roughly by its wings. “Youll hurt it，” Caroline looked fearful for the bird.

“Thats the point，” the boys laughed. The tallest stood up and glared at Caroline. “Here， catch this！” he said as the now broken?winged bird sailed at Caroline from his hands. The poor creature cried in pain， as its wings had been badly damaged. The boys ran off， laughing at their work.

Caroline bent down to carefully pick up the bird. The poor feathered soul was wriggling （扭动） about， with a fearful look in its eyes. “Dont worry，” Caroline whispered softly. She took a handkerchief from her pocket and gently placed the bird on it.

Caroline walked as quickly as she could back to her house， careful not to shake the bird around too much. She found a shoe box， filled it with soft cotton balls and then laid the bird down in its new resting place.

“Let me get you some water and food. Thats the least I can do，” Caroline said. She took a tiny saucer from the kitchen， filled it with water， and placed it in the corner of the box. She managed to find some sunflower seeds， as that was the only bird?friendly food she could think of. Caroline was worried. She didnt want the bird to die. The poor bird now fast fell asleep， no doubt tired out from its earlier suffering. “Please dont die，” Caroline whispered tearfully.

If there was anyone whom she could turn to， it would be Mr Roberts. Mr Roberts was working at the nature museum. He had bird feeders throughout his yard， and sometimes， he would drop in her science class at school. Caroline never knew there was so much information about birds， until hearing him speak about them. She figured he would know what to do.

注意：

1. 所续写短文的词数应为150左右；

2. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好。

Paragraph 1：

Caroline called Mr Roberts and hurriedly told him her tale.  ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Paragraph 2：

In the morning， the Blackwell Bird Rescue Society called Caroline， informing a car would come to pick up the bird at 10 am. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

【评价导思】

1. 我的续写文章在主题、情节、语言及逻辑方面是否与原文故事完美契合？____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. 在解讀这篇文章的时候，我采用了什么方法来帮助自己提炼主题？我使用的方法是否恰当？提炼的主题是否正确？____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. 我还需要掌握哪些主题解读技巧？

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