精神分裂症病人共情维度的Meta分析
2022-05-06陈思路鞠康严超刘帅季卫东易正辉
陈思路 鞠康 严超 刘帅 季卫东 易正辉
[摘要]目的通过Meta分析探讨精神分裂症病人的共情维度特点。方法在PubMed、APA PsycInfo、Science Direct(含Elsevier)和Springer Link数据库中检索精神分裂症病人共情的文献,由两名研究人员按照统一标准独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入文献质量。采用Rev Man 5.3软件分析精神分裂症病人共情水平。结果共纳入23篇文献,共测量6 577人,其中精神分裂症3 337人,健康对照3 240人。共情的4个维度中观点采纳(23项研究,n=1 878,标准化均数差(SMD)=-0.56,95%CI=-0.70~-0.43,P<0.01)、幻想(18项研究,n=1 167,SMD=-0.25,95%CI=-0.41~-0.10,P<0.01)和移情关注(21项研究,n=1 736,SMD=-0.21,95%CI=-0.34~-0.08,P<0.05)等3個维度水平均低于正常对照组,而个人痛苦(22项研究,n=1 676,SMD=0.74,95%CI=0.60~0.87,P< 0.01)水平高于对照组。结论精神分裂症病人存在共情缺陷,在共情观点、关注和个人幻想方面水平较低,个人痛苦感受较高。
[关键词]精神分裂症;神入;人际指针量表;Meta分析(主题)
[中图分类号]R749.3;R181.2[文献标志码]A[文章编号]2096-5532(2022)02-0284-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2022.58.075[开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)]
[网络出版]https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/37.1517.R.20220412.1535.006.html;2022-04-1409:48:18
DIMENSIONS OF EMPATHY IN SCHIZAPHRENIA PATIENTS: A META-ANALYSISCHEN Silu, JU Kang, YAN Chao, LIU Shuai, JI Weidong, YI Zhenghui(East China Normal University Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China)
[ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the features of empathy in patient with schizophrenia through a Meta-analysis.MethodsPubMed, APA PsycInfo, Science Direct (including Elsevier), and Springer Link were searched for the articles on empathy in patients with schizophrenia, and two researchers independently performed literature screening, data extraction, and quality assessment according to the unified standard. Rev Man 5.3 software was used to analyze the level of empathy in patient with schizophrenia.ResultsA total of 23 articles were included, and 6 577 subjects were assessed, among whom there were 3 337 patients with schizophrenia and 3 240 healthy controls. Compared with the control group in terms of the four dimensions of empathy, the schizophrenia group had significantly lower levels of perspective taking (23 studies, n=1 878;SMD=-0.56,95%CI=-0.70 to -0.43,P<0.01), fantasy (18 studies, n=1 167; SMD=-0.25, 95%CI=-0.41 to -0.10,P<0.01), and empathic concern (21 studies, n=1 736; SMD=-0.21,95%CI=-0.34 to -0.08,P<0.05) and a significantly higher level of personal distress (22 studies, n=1 676; SMD=0.74,95%CI=0.60-0.87,P<0.01).ConclusionEmpathy deficit is observed in patients with schizophrenia, with relatively low levels of perspective taking, empathic concern, and fantasy and a relatively high level of personal distress.
[KEY WORDS]schizophrenia; empathy; interpersonal reactivity index; Meta-analysis as topic
共情有着复杂的心理结构功能,是个体感知他人的情感状态,并采取相关社会行为的反应[1]。精神分裂症病人的共情缺陷与其阴、阳性症状一样,是社会认知损害的核心症状之一[2]。为了更好控制各个研究的主客观因素,本研究在共情量表(IRI)基础上分析各个维度特点,旨在为精神分裂症共情的评估方法提供科学参考。
1资料与方法
1.1文献检索策略
在Pubmed、APA PsycInfo、Science Direct(含Elsevier)和Springer Link数据库中,检索精神分裂症病人共情相关研究的文献。关键词为“empathy ”(或“empathy ability”)、“schizophrenia”(或“schizophrenosis disorder”)和“Interpersonal Reactivity Index”,时间2000年1月1日—2021年6月15日。
1.2文献纳入和排除标准
纳入标准:①研究类型为病例对照研究,其中按照DSM-Ⅴ(或ICD-10)标准诊断的精神分裂症病人为病例组,健康人为对照组,病例组均排除了其他重大精神及躯体疾病;②病例组与对照组均采用相同的问卷调查;③以IRI为评估量表。排除标准:①重复发表的文献;②非中文、英文文献;③摘要、学位论文、书籍、评论、短评、会议论文、讲座和文献综述等;④无法获得分析数据的文献;⑤中文文献因风险偏倚质量评价较低未达到纳入标准,未纳入。纳入研究的风险偏倚采用纽卡斯尔-渥太华文献质量评价量表(NOS)[3]评价文献质量。
1.3文献筛选与资料提取
由两名研究者独立筛选文献、提取数据、交叉核对,如遇分歧则与第三方协商解决。文献资料提取包括标题、作者、发表年份、研究对象、IRI各个分量表均数和标准差等内容。IRI的4个维度如下。①观点采纳(PT):认知上自动理解他人想法的倾向;②幻想(FS):对书籍、电影或戏剧中的角色的情绪认同;③共情关注(EC):对他人情绪的关心;④个人痛苦(PD):对他人的痛苦产生的负性感受。
1.4统计学方法
采用卡方检验分析各研究间统计学异质性,以I2值定量判断异质性的大小。对IRI量表的4个维度采用随机效应模型进行亚分组分析。以量表评分标准化均数差(SMD)及95%置信区间(CI)为效应指标。采用Rev Man 5.3进行Meta分析,CMA 2.0软件回归分析异质性来源,Egger’s检验发表偏倚。
2结果
2.1文献检索结果及纳入研究的基本特征
文献检索初步有1 926篇文献符合标准,剔除重复、内容不符、对象(非人类)和方法不符、无正常对照组、仅有男性或女性、未报告结果和结果错误等研究的文献,经逐层筛选后共纳入23篇文献[4-26]。23篇病例对照文獻共6 577人,其中病例组3 337人、对照组3 240人;其中,4项研究源于亚洲、12项源于欧洲、7项源于美国。各项研究的基本特征和NOS质量评分见表1。
2.2共情维度的Meta分析
2.2.1观点采纳维度的Meta分析共纳入23项研究,精神分裂症组950例,对照组928例,精神分裂症组病人的SMD低于对照组(SMD=-0.56,95%CI=-0.70~-0.43,P=0.01),I2=45%,异质性较小。见图1。
2.2.2幻想维度的Meta分析纳入18项研究,精神分裂症组595例,对照组572例,精神分裂症组的SMD低于健康对照组(SMD=-0.25,95%CI=-0.41~-0.10,P<0.05),I2=39%,异质性较小。见图2。
2.2.3移情关注维度的Meta分析经过敏感性分析去除异质性较大的研究,异质性显著降低(I2=41%)。纳入21项研究,精神分裂症组881例,对照组855例,精神分裂症组的SMD明显低于对照组(SMD=-0.21,95%CI=-0.34~-0.08,P=0.03)。见图3。
2.2.4个人痛苦维度的Meta分析纳入22项研究,精神分裂症组911例,对照组885例,精神分裂症组的SMD高于健康对照组(SMD=0.74,95%CI=0.60~0.87,P=0.02)。I2=41%,异质性较小。见图4。
2.2.5异质性来源和敏感性分析各研究间总体有较高的异质性(I2>84%),采取亚分组后异质性显著降低,在移情关注维度,敏感性分析去除异质性较大的研究后[25],异质性显著降低。CMA软件回归分析结果显示,平均年龄(P=0.04)、病程(P=0.01)、受教育年限(P=0.04)是研究间的异质性来源。见表2。
2.2.6发表偏倚Egger’s检验的结果显示,t=1.706,P=0.091,提示纳入研究无明显发表偏倚。
3讨论
3.1本研究方法学质量特点
本研究的23篇文献均符合纳入标准,所需的维度分析数据报告完全。既往纳入的文献为单一随机样本调查研究,并未针对该领域进行整体的总结,也无统一结论。本研究采用亚分组分析各个共情维度的特点,是探索精神分裂症共情与临床症状、脑神经机制研究的重要基础工作。
3.2共情维度是精神分裂症共情理论的基础
目前共情理论主流模式包括情感-知觉、认知-评价和心理理论(TOM)等[27-39]。其中IRI量表在理论模式中应用最为广泛[40]。精神分裂症病人共情水平与病程、阴性症状相关 [4,11]。本文的研究结果显示,精神分裂症病人个人痛苦维度水平高于健康人群,与以往文献的研究结果一致[14],尤其是“个人痛苦”程度与阴性症状相关[7]。提示在未来精神分裂症共情机制研究中,应聚焦其“个人痛苦”与脑功能机制的研究工作。
3.3脑神经功能是精神分裂症共情机制高级中枢
精神分裂症病人的脑功能激活、脑神经结构、脑网络连接与临床症状的关系是重要的研究内容。临床症状方面,ABRAM等[41]的研究结果支持精神分裂症的认知共情障碍和阴性症状的相关模型。功能激活方面,与精神分裂症病人脑神经密切相关、特别激活的3个脑区包括楔前叶、双侧颞顶连接处和颞后上沟,大脑区域激活异常并且与其精神症状相关,被称为“社会大脑” [42]。神经结构方面,MASSEY等[20]对精神分裂症病人神经皮质厚度研究显示,其个体在移情相关的神经区域中皮质厚度减小,而且认知移情显著受损。功能网络连接方面,精神分裂症病人的脑网络连接显示,在右侧岛叶-前扣带回-内侧前额叶皮质的环路、双侧顶叶皮质的环路激活存在差异[22]。
3.4局限與展望
本研究中早期文献样本还存在如样本量少、男女性别构成比差异大的局限,部分研究对阴阳性症状评分、受教育程度、婚姻、服药情况等未作详细报告,导致获得异质性来源的结果不多。在各维度的影响因素方面,仍需不断纳入和分析更多、更新、更全面的研究数据。未来精神分裂症共情机制的研究正在不断整合多学科的方法技术,将促进获得更多、更有说服力的科学数据。
[参考文献]
[1]BERNHARDT B C, SINGER T. The neural basis of empathy[J]. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 2012,35(1):1-23.
[2]SPARKS A, MCDONALD S, LINO B, et al. Social cognition, empathy and functional outcome in schizophrenia[J]. Schizophrenia Research, 2010,122(1/3):172-178.
[3]MADHOUN M F, WANI S, HONG S, et al. Endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation reduces the need for mechanical lithotripsy in patients with large bile duct stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy, 2014,2014:309618.
[4]MONTAG C, HEINZ A, KUNZ D, et al. Self-reported empathic abilities in schizophrenia[J]. Schizophrenia Research, 2007,92(1/3):85-89.
[5]SHAMAY-TSOORY S G, SHUR S, BARCAI-GOODMAN L, et al. Dissociation of cognitive from affective components of theory of mind in schizophrenia[J]. Psychiatry Research, 2007,149(1/3):11-23.
[6]FUJIWARA H, SHIMIZU M, HIRAO K, et al. Female specific anterior cingulate abnormality and its association with empathic disability in schizophrenia[J]. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 2008,32(7):1728-1734.
[7]HAKER H, RSSLER W. Empathy in schizophrenia: impaired resonance[J]. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 2009,259(6):352-361.
[8]SMITH M J, HORAN W P, KARPOUZIAN T M, et al. Self-reported empathy deficits are uniquely associated with poor functioning in schizophrenia[J]. Schizophrenia Research, 2012,137(1/3):196-202.
[9]HAKER H, SCHIMANSKY J, JANN S, et al. Self-reported empathic abilities in schizophrenia: a longitudinal perspective[J]. Psychiatry Research, 2012,200(2/3):1028-1031.
[10]DERNTL B, SEIDEL E M, SCHNEIDER F, et al. How specific are emotional deficits? A comparison of empathic abilities in schizophrenia, bipolar and depressed patients[J]. Schizophrenia Research, 2012,142(1/3):58-64.
[11]MONTAG C, BROCKMANN E M, LEHMANN A, et al. Association between oxytocin receptor gene polymorphisms and self-rated ‘empathic concern’ in schizophrenia[J]. PLoS One, 2012,7:e51882.
[12]MCCORMICK L M, BRUMM M C, BEADLE J N, et al. Mirror neuron function, psychosis, and empathy in schizophrenia[J]. Psychiatry Research, 2012,201(3):233-239.
[13]FUJINO J, TAKAHASHI H, MIYATA J, et al. Impaired empathic abilities and reduced white matter integrity in schizophrenia[J]. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 2014,48:117-123.
[14]LEHMANN A, BAHESULAR K, BROCKMANN E M, et al. Subjective experience of emotions and emotional empathy in paranoid schizophrenia[J]. Psychiatry Research, 2014,220(3):825-833.
[15]ABRAMOWITZ A C, GINGER E J, GOLLAN J K, et al. Empathy, depressive symptoms, and social functioning among individuals with schizophrenia[J]. Psychiatry Research, 2014,216(3):325-332.
[16]HORAN W P, IACOBONI M, CROSS K A, et al. Self-reported empathy and neural activity during action imitation and observation in schizophrenia[J]. NeuroImage: Clinical, 2014,5:100-108.
[17]MHRING N, SHEN C, HAHN E, et al. Mirror neuron de-ficit in schizophrenia:evidence from repetition suppression[J]. Schizophrenia Research, 2015,168(1/2):174-179.
[18]SINGH S, MODI S, GOYAL S, et al. Functional and structural abnormalities associated with empathy in patients with schizophrenia: an fMRI and VBM study[J]. Journal of Bios-ciences, 2015,40(2):355-364.
[19]GONZALEZ-LIENCRES C, BROWN E C, TAS C, et al.Alterations in event-related potential responses to empathy for pain in schizophrenia[J]. Psychiatry Research, 2016,241:14-21.
[20]MASSEY S H, STERN D, ALDEN E C, et al. Cortical thickness of neural substrates supporting cognitive empathy in individuals with schizophrenia[J]. Schizophrenia Research, 2017,179:119-124.
[21]LYSAKERPH,IRARRZAVALL,GAGENEC,etal.Metacognition in schizophrenia disorders: comparisons with community controls and bipolar disorder: replication with a Spanish language Chilean sample[J]. Psychiatry Research, 2018,267:528-534.
[22]ATOUI M, EL JAMIL F, EL KHOURY J, et al. The relationship between clinical insight and cognitive and affective empathy in schizophrenia[J]. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 2018,12:56-65.
[23]VAN DONKERSGOED R J M, DE JONG S, ROT M A H, et al. Measuring empathy in schizophrenia: the Empathic Accuracy Task and its correlation with other empathy measures[J]. Schizophrenia Research, 2019,208:153-159.
[24]BERGER P, BITSCH F, JAKOBI B, et al. Cognitive and emotional empathy in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a replication and extension study[J]. Psychiatry Research, 2019,276:56-59.
[25]LÓPEZ-DEL-HOYO Y, PANZANO M G, LAHERA G, et al. Differences between individuals with schizophrenia or obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy controls in social cognition and mindfulness skills: a controlled study[J]. PLoS One, 2019,14(12):e0225608.
[26]DUÑÓ R, OLIVA J C, TOBEÑA A, et al. Religiosity and psychotic ideation in stable schizophrenia: a role for empathic perspective-taking[J]. Behavioral Sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2020,10(2):53.
[27]MARSH A A, FINGER E C, FOWLER K A, et al. Empathic responsiveness in amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex in youths with psychopathic traits[J]. Journal of Child Psycho-logy and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 2013,54(8):900-910.
[28]SHAMAY-TSOORY S G, AHARON-PERETZ J, PERRY D. Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions[J]. Brain: a Journal of Neurology, 2009,132(Pt 3): 617-627.
[29]WALTER H. Social cognitive neuroscience of empathy: concepts, circuits, and genes[J]. Emotion Review, 2012,4(1):9-17.
[30]SINGER T, CRITCHLEY H D, PREUSCHOFF K. A common role of insula in feelings, empathy and uncertainty[J]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2009,13(8):334-340.
[31]MOHNKE S, ERK S, SCHNELL K, et al. Further evidence for the impact of a genome-wide-supported psychosis risk va-riant in ZNF804A on the theory of mind network[J]. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2014,39(5):1196-1205.
[32]CARROZZINO D, PORCELLI P. Alexithymia in gastroen-terology and hepatology: a systematic review[J]. Frontiers in Psychology, 2018,9: 470.
[33]吴小玲,陈新贵,汪凯. 精神分裂症共情障碍的神经机制研究进展[J]. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 2018,44(4):246-249.
[34]杨业,汤艺,彭微微,等. 共情:遗传-环境-内分泌-大脑机制[J]. 科学通报, 2017,62(32):3729-3742.
[35]RODRIGUES S M, SASLOW L R, GARCIA N, et al. Oxytocin receptor genetic variation relates to empathy and stress reactivity in humans[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009,106(50):21437-21441.
[36]SMITH K E, PORGES E C, NORMAN G J, et al. Oxytocin receptor gene variation predicts empathic concern and autonomic arousal while perceiving harm to others[J]. Social Neuroscience, 2014,9(1):1-9.
[37]WU S P, JIA M X, RUAN Y, et al. Positive association of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) with autism in the Chinese Han population[J]. Biological Psychiatry, 2005,58(1):74-77.
[38]UZEFOVSKY F, SHALEV I, ISRAEL S, et al. Oxytocin receptor and vasopressin receptor 1a genes are respectively associated with emotional and cognitive empathy[J]. Hormones and Behavior, 2015,67:60-65.
[39]BELSKY J, PLUESS M. Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences[J]. Psychological Bulletin, 2009,135(6):885-908.
[40]BORA E, VEZNEDAROĜLU B, VAHIP S. Theory of mind and executive functions in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a cross-diagnostic latent class analysis for identification of neuropsychological subtypes[J]. Schizophrenia Research, 2016,176(2/3):500-505.
[41]ABRAM S V, WISNER K M, FOX J M, et al. Fronto-temporal connectivity predicts cognitive empathy deficits and expe-riential negative symptoms in schizophrenia[J]. Human Brain Mapping, 2017,38(3):1111-1124.
[42]VISTOLI D, LAVOIE M A, SUTLIFF S, et al. Functional MRI examination of empathy for pain in people with schizophrenia reveals abnormal activation related to cognitive perspective-taking but typical activation linked to affective sharing[J]. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 2017,42(4):262-272.
(本文編辑于国艺)