例析将直接引语转化为间接引语的方法
2022-03-09钱景意
钱景意
所谓直接引语即是直接引述别人的原话,那对应地,间接引语即是把别人的话用自己的话重新转述出来。在实际应用中,直接引语通常是用引号括起来的内容,而间接引语则会组成一个宾语从句。大部分情况下,直接引语和间接引语之间都可以转换,但是在转换的过程中,从句中的人称、时态、代词、状语等关键结构一般都要做出相应的变化。因此,笔者归纳了将直接引语转化为间接引语的方法,希望能帮助学生从中获得启发。
一、时态转化
在直接引语转化为间接引语时要注意从句的谓语动词的时态变化。通常,如果直接引语的谓语动词为一般过去时或者是现在完成时,那在转化为间接引语时,从句的谓语动词的时态应该改变为过去完成时;如果主句的谓语动词是现在进行时,那从句的谓语动词应该变为过去进行时;如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,那从句的谓语动词应该改为一般过去时;如果直接引语的谓语动词为一般将来时,那从句的谓语动词一定要改成过去将来时。例如:
—Jane said,“ Mary, where have you been ?”
—Jane asked Mary where she had been .
需要引起注意的是,并不是所有的直接引语变成间接引语都需要转变时态,在句子是以下情况时,间接引语的谓语动词时态不变:
①直接引语属于真理或客观事实时
—The teacher said to us,“Light runs much faster than sound.”
—The teacher told us light runs much faster than sound.
②直接引语表示经常的习惯
—He said to the doctor,“I smoke two packs every day.”
—He told the doctor that he smokes two packs ev- ery day.
③直接引语为历史事件
—The teacher said,“World War II ended in 1945.”
—The teacher said that World War II ended in 1945.
④直接引语的谓语有情态动词,如 must、ought to、used to、had better等
—She said to me,“You must hurry up.”
—She said that I must hurry up.
二、人称转化
在直接引语转变为间接引语时,一定要注意人称的转换。通常,人称变化遵循以下原则:一随主、二随宾、第三人称不更新。所谓“一随主”是指直接引语中的第一人称变为与主句的主语相一致的人称;“二随宾”是指直接引语中第二人称变为和间接宾语(即听话人)相一致的人称;而第三人称不更新则是直接引语中第三人称变为间接引语时,人称不变。例如:
①“I will come and see you again this evening,Tom.” she said.
→ She told Tom that she would go and see him again that evening.
本句中“I”变成了“she”,保证与主句的主语相一致。属于“一随主”原则。
②He said to me,“You are wrong.”
→ He told me that I was wrong.
本题直接引语中属于第二人称,因此在转化时,从句主语应该改为与间接宾语“me”相一致的人称“I”。属于“二随宾”原则。
③He asked,“Where are you going to get off,John?”
→ He asked John where he was going to get off.
本题的直接引語中是第三人称,因此变为间接引语时,应该保持人称不变,遵循“第三人称不更新”原则。
三、代词和状语的转化
在将直接引语转化为间接引语时,除了需要重视时态的变化之外,还应注意指示代词以及状语的转化规则。具体规则有以下几种:
①指示代词的转换:如this→that,these→those。例如:
The old man said,“I like to talk with these young men.”
→ The old man said that he liked to talk with those young men.
②时间状语的转换:如 now→then,today/to- night→that day/that night,this week/month→that week/ month,yesterday→the day before,ago→before 等。例如:
Mr Harry asked,“John,have you passed the exam yesterday?”
→ Mr Harry asked John whether he had passed theexam the day before.
③地点状语的转换:常见的包括:here→there 。例如:
She said to me,“I lived here five years ago.”
→ She told me she had lived there five yearsbefore.
四、语序转化
除了上述的词汇变化之外,直接引语转化为间接引语时,还应包括语序的转化。通常,若直接引语是疑问句的形式,在转化为间接引语时,应注意将疑问句的语序变为陈述语序。通常包括以下几种情况:
①一般疑问句改为由连词 whether或 if引导的宾语从句,其主句谓语动词常用 ask、wonder、want toknow等。例如:
Mother asked me,“Have you finished your home-work?”
→ Mother asked me whether/if I had finished myhomework.
②选择疑问句改为由whether ... or引导的宾语从句。例如:
“Are you going to Beijing or Shanghai for the holi-days?”she asked.
→ She asked me whether I was going to Beijing orShanghai for the holidays.
③主句的谓语动词用 ask(sb.)来表达,语序不再用疑问语序,而应改为陈述语序。例如:
“How many sleeping pills have you taken?”asked thenurse.
→ The nurse asked me how many sleeping pills Ihad taken.
④当直接引语形式上是疑问句,有表示请求或建议的意义时,应改为 suggest + doing或 ask/advise +宾语+动词不定式。例如:
“What about starting early tomorrow morning?”Jack said.
→ Jack suggested starting early tomorrow morning.
總的来说,在将直接引语转化为间接引语时,教师要指导学生注意时态、人称、代词、状语以及语序的变化,引导学生在日常学习和练习中把握好转换的规律和技巧,从而保证转换过程不会出错。
(作者单位:江苏省常熟市中学)