不同类型与品种烟草烟籽油的产量与成分对比研究

肖勇，张建会，余佳敏，侯小东，江鸿，余祥文，屈建康，杨兴有*

农艺与调制

不同类型与品种烟草烟籽油的产量与成分对比研究

肖勇1，张建会1，余佳敏1，侯小东2，江鸿1，余祥文1，屈建康1，杨兴有1*

1中国烟草总公司四川省公司四川省烟草科学研究所，成都 635000；2中国农业科学院烟草研究所，山东青岛 266101

【目的】确定适宜生产烟籽油的烟草类型与品种。【方法】比较分析了烤烟、白肋烟和晾晒烟的种子产量性状、含油率、脂肪酸比例。【结果】（1）参试晾晒烟、烤烟的种子单位面积产量高于白肋烟，晾晒烟品种泉烟种子产量较高，其次是K346、云烟85、黑蜜柳烟、CP2012等；（2）晾晒烟和烤烟的烟籽平均含油率高于白肋烟，黑蜜柳烟和松阳晒烟含油率较高，泉烟、乐山白毛烟籽油总饱和脂肪酸比例较高，泉烟烟籽油的油酸和亚麻酸成分比例较高，KY14亚油酸成分比例较高，K326、KY14、SCB0、青州一号、梅家-5等总不饱和脂肪酸比例较高。【结论】晾晒烟类型部分品种和烤烟适宜用于烟籽油生产，较适宜的品种是晾晒烟品种泉烟、黑蜜柳烟、CP2012、万毛3号和青州一号，烤烟品种云烟85、K346和云烟87等。

烤烟；白肋烟；晾晒烟；种子；烟籽油；脂肪酸

随着近年来全球卷烟消费的下降和烟叶种植规模减少，烟草的多用途综合利用研究受到进一步重视。据研究报道，烟草种子（烟籽）可用作制造油漆、树脂、润滑剂、肥皂、动物饲料、香料、食用油等的原料[1-10]，国外对烟籽用作生物燃料进行了系统研究[7-10]。烟籽含油率为30%～40%[11-13]，烟籽油中不饱和脂肪酸所占比例近90%[11-15]，亚油酸、植物甾醇等有益成分含量较高，具有显著的抗氧化活性和明显的降低胆固醇作用[12-13]，烟籽油具有较好的开发利用价值。烟草种子产量可达到较高水平，研究报道在意大利北部烟籽产量达4.5 t/hm2，烟籽油产率高达1.48 t/hm2[11]。不同品种的烟籽油含量有较大差异[24]，种植海拔、营养状况和加工技术对烟籽产量性状有影响[25-29]。有研究报道了烟籽油的提取方法[16]、萃取参数[17-18]、产品工艺[19-21]、基因工程改良技术[22-23]等。但国内未见烟籽的规模化生产应用报道，尚未明确适宜烟籽油生产的烟草类型与品种。本文研究了四川省不同类型与品种烟草的烟籽产量、烟籽油含量与成分差异，以期筛选出适宜烟籽油生产用的烟草品种，为烟草资源多用途综合开发利用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料与设计

试验于2018—2019年在四川省烟草科学研究所科研基地（西昌市大兴乡建新村）开展。参试品种材料共33份，其中烤烟5份，白肋烟18份，晾晒烟10份（表1）。育苗方式为漂浮育苗，田间栽培株行距90 cm×40 cm（27780株/hm2）。各品种田间随机排列种植重复3次，每小区种植60株，每品种共种植180株。试验田土壤为紫色土，pH 5.6，有机质含量9.6 g/kg，速效氮含量66.7 mg/kg，速效磷含量13.6 mg/kg，速效钾含量83.7 mg/kg。各品种施肥量相同，施纯氮90 kg/hm2，N):P2O5):K2O)=6:12:20（烟草复合基肥300 kg/ hm2、烟草追肥300 kg/hm2、硝酸钾266.7 kg/hm2、钙镁磷肥1092.9 kg/hm2）。所有品种材料田间管理一致，未进行打顶、抑芽处理。

表1 参试烟草类型与品种材料

Tab.1 Types and varieties of the tobacco tested

类 型品种名称 烤 烟云烟87、云烟85、K326、K346、SCB0； 白肋烟Va1061、Va1052、Va1048、Va509、TN90、TN86、KY14、KY895、KY907、B21Q、B21F、RHCS、99K521、万杂一号、达所24号、达所26号、双河-5、梅家-5； 晾晒烟晒烟9号，万毛三号（GW-3），青州一号，松阳晒烟，乐山毛烟，铁杆子、泉烟、黑蜜柳烟、笆毛柳烟、雪茄CP2012。

1.2 测定指标与方法

因不同品种生育期差异较大，种子成熟收获时期存在差异，当各品种田间种子有80%蒴果变为褐色时，整株采收种子，分小区进行种子风干后脱粒、吹净、称重，计算各品种材料的小区烟籽产量、单位面积产量。测定每个品种单蒴果烟籽质量、单株烟籽产量。

不同类型与品种烟草种子送中国农科院烟草研究所检测种子含油率和脂肪酸成分。通过榨油机榨取油脂，计算种子含油率。参照GB/T 17376—2008《动植物油脂脂肪酸甲酯制备》检测分析烟籽油脂肪酸成分；对烟籽油进行甲酯化，GC/MS（Agilent）测定，仪器条件为：分析柱为CP-Sil88（100 m×250 µm，0.2 µm）；载气为氦气，流速1 mL/min，分流比20:1；进样口温度220℃；进样量1 µL。柱升温程序，120℃保持1 min，以20℃/min的速率升温到200℃，保持28 min。电子轰击电离（EI），离子源能量70 eV，离子源温度230℃，四极杆温度150℃。采集模型为全扫描。根据样品NIST谱库检索结果定性，确定脂肪酸的种类。通过样品总离子流图，采用峰面积归一法计算饱和脂肪酸（棕榈酸、硬脂酸）和不饱和脂肪酸（油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸）共5种脂肪酸的相对百分含量。用Office Excel和IBM SPSS Statistics 19软件进行数据整理分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同类型与品种烟籽产量比较

参试品种平均单蒴果种子质量为0.182 g，单株烟籽产量为42.75 g，单位规模烟籽产量为1187.5 kg/hm2。同样的肥水条件和管理措施下，不同类型与品种烟草的烟籽产量存在差异（表2）。平均单蒴果烟籽质量表现为晾晒烟＞白肋烟＞烤烟，且差异达到显著水平。平均单株烟籽产量和单位面积烟籽产量以晾晒烟较高，其次是烤烟，且晾晒烟和烤烟显著高于白肋烟。

表2 不同类型与品种烟草烟籽产量性状比较

Tab.2 Comparison of seed yield of different types and varieties of tobacco

烟草类型品种名称单蒴果种子质量/g单株种子产量/g单位面积种子产量/（kg/hm2） 烤烟K3260.16739.781105.05 K3460.17364.51791.9 云烟850.20964.491791.45 云烟87 0.24653.511486.5 SCB00.09739.61100.1 平均0.165 bA48.75 aA1354.35 aA 变异系数31.0723.7123.71 晾晒烟万毛三号0.22656.321564.5 晒烟9号0.19340.111114.2 松阳晒烟0.17845.161254.45 铁杆子0.23550.911414.35 笆毛柳烟0.14753.111475.4 黑蜜柳烟0.24159.891663.8

续表2

烟草类型品种名称单蒴果种子质量/g单株种子产量/g单位面积种子产量/（kg/hm2） 晾晒烟乐山白毛0.21233.25923.55 青州一号0.18155.491541.4 泉烟0.22787.522431.2 CP20120.22459.331648.35 平均0.206 aA54.11 aA1503.15 aA 变异系数14.7326.926.9 白肋烟99K5210.16320.91580.8 B21 F0.26836.091002.6 B21 Q0.19946.71297.2 KY140.14619.9552.75 KY8950.18718.85523.65 KY9070.1521.9608.4 RHCS0.19819.51541.95 TN860.12220.29563.55 TN900.09712.52347.7 Va10480.15838.621072.8 Va10520.16317.9497.4 Va10610.19437.511042.05 Va5090.22420.26562.95 达所24 0.19928.25784.8 达所26 0.17311.52320.1 万杂一号 0.20731.11864.3 梅家-5 0.18540.621128.45 双河-5 0.14314.31397.35 平均0.176 abA25.38 bB705.0 bB 变异系数22.2941.5841.58

注：平均值后的字母表示同列3种类型平均值的比较，小写字母表示差异达到5%差异水平，大写表示差异达到1%差异水平，后同。

同类型内不同品种的烟籽产量性状比较可以看出，烤烟品种中，云烟87单个蒴果烟籽质量较高，其次是云烟85；云烟85和K346的单株烟籽产量和单位面积烟籽产量较高，K326和SCB0较低。晾晒烟品种中，黑蜜柳烟、铁杆子的单个蒴果烟籽质量较高；泉烟的单株烟籽产量和单位面积烟籽产量较高，其次是黑蜜柳烟、CP2012、万毛三号。白肋烟品种中，B21、Va509、万杂一号的单蒴果烟籽质量较高，TN90、TN86较低；白肋烟不同品种单株烟籽产量差异较大（11.52～46.7 g），其中B21较高，其次是梅家-5，达所26、TN90等产量较低，各品种单位面积烟籽产量与单株烟籽产量排序基本一致。

所有参试品种比较来看，白肋烟品种B21、烤烟品种云烟87、晾晒烟品种黑蜜柳烟和铁杆子等单个蒴果烟籽质量较高，而烤烟品种SCB0、白肋烟品种TN90和TN86等品种较低。各品种单株烟籽产量和单位面积烟籽产量比较来看，晒黄烟品种泉烟的产量较高，其次是烤烟品种K346、云烟85和晾晒烟品种黑蜜柳烟、CP2012、青州一号等，白肋烟品种达所26、TN90、双河-5、Va1052、Ky895等品种产量较低。

2.2 不同类型与品种烟草烟籽油含量和脂肪酸组成比较

参试品种的烟籽油平均含量为38.39%，其中饱和脂肪酸（棕榈酸和硬脂酸）平均比例为11.4%，不饱和脂肪酸（油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸）平均比例为88.57%，烟籽油中亚油酸组成比例最高，其次是油酸、棕榈酸，亚麻酸比例较低（表3）。

表3 不同类型和品种烟草烟籽油含量和成分比较

Tab.3 Comparison of fatty acid composition and seed oil content of different types and varieties of tobacco

烟草类型品种名称含油率/%脂肪酸组成/% 棕榈酸硬脂酸油酸亚油酸亚麻酸 烤烟K32640.738.042.5910.9277.710.74 K34641.288.032.8711.5277.760.54 云烟85 41.677.903.1111.3877.020.59 云烟87 41.487.992.8810.4277.840.73 SCB041.137.882.5210.3978.420.78 平均41.26 aA 7.97 aA 2.79 bB 10.92 bB 77.75 aA 0.68 aA 变异系数0.870.928.544.810.6415.71 晾晒烟万毛三号39.319.063.1911.8875.440.44 晒烟9号39.348.053.3112.0776.020.55 松阳晒烟43.298.114.0113.2273.870.79 铁杆子40.197.425.0412.9974.080.46 笆毛柳烟39.388.014.3912.3674.520.73 黑蜜柳烟43.748.932.9411.576.290.34 乐山白毛41.958.115.2311.8074.010.50 青州一号39.207.872.6810.5678.330.56 泉烟38.9110.834.0613.2470.940.93 CP201239.759.892.9511.8974.680.59 平均 40.51 aA 8.63 aA 3.78 aA 12.15 aA 74.82 bB 0.59 abAB 变异系数4.4512.2223.956.892.5830.23 白肋烟99K52137.628.372.6811.6276.810.52 B21 F37.728.332.5910.2978.360.43 B21 Q38.838.382.4911.2077.330.60 KY1438.837.622.6610.5778.720.43 KY89534.558.462.6410.2878.160.44 KY90739.428.052.5710.3778.420.51 RHCS35.527.792.779.7978.650.57 TN8639.108.262.689.9278.670.47 TN9036.368.32.6610.4278.120.46 Va104833.848.262.6010.3178.380.45 Va105238.058.442.7110.5677.880.41 Va106133.838.482.7411.6176.680.49 Va50938.669.852.6510.9375.690.52 达所24 36.418.542.5810.2678.160.46 达所26 37.358.342.7510.1878.20.53 万杂一号37.488.102.6410.3278.150.58 梅家-5 33.548.072.5710.2278.60.53 双河-5 35.19.022.5910.9477.10.35 平均 36.79 bB 8.37 aA 2.64 bB 10.54 bB 77.89 aA 0.49 bB 变异系数5.355.692.774.931.0713.36

不同类型与品种烟草烟籽油含量差异较大，烤烟和晾晒烟种子平均含油率均超过40%，显著高于白肋烟。同一类型烟草不同品种烟籽油的脂肪酸组成比例比较来看，烤烟类型各品种烟籽的含油率和脂肪酸组成比例差异不大，变异系数较小。晾晒烟类型中，黑蜜柳烟和松阳晒烟的烟籽含油率明显高于其它晾晒烟品种，泉烟烟籽油的总饱和脂肪酸比例较高，青州一号、晒烟9号和黑蜜柳烟烟籽油的总不饱和脂肪酸比例较高。白肋烟类型中，KY970和TN86烟籽的含油率较高，Va509和双河-5烟籽油的总饱和脂肪酸比例较高，KY14总不饱和脂肪酸比例较高。

所有参试品种比较来看，烟籽含油率较高的是晾晒烟品种黑蜜柳烟、松阳晒烟，其次是所有参试烤烟品种及晾晒烟品种铁杆子，含油率均超过40%。含油率较低品种是白肋烟品种梅家-5、Va1061、KY895等，低于35%。烟籽油中棕榈酸成分比例较高的品种是晒黄烟品种泉烟，其次是雪茄品种CP2012、白肋烟品种Va509，硬脂酸成分比例较高的是地方晾晒烟品种乐山白毛、铁杆子，总饱和脂肪酸比例较高的品种是泉烟、乐山白毛。烟籽油中油酸成分比例较高的品种是泉烟，其次是松阳晒烟、铁杆子、笆毛柳烟，亚油酸成分比例较高的是白肋烟品种KY14、TN86、RHCS等，亚麻酸成分比例较高的品种是泉烟，其次是松阳烟、SCB0、K326等，总不饱和脂肪酸比例较高的品种有K326、KY14、SCB0、青州一号、K326、梅家-5等。

3 结论与讨论

烟籽油综合开发利用需选择适宜的烟草类型与品种，我国烟草类型多、地方性晾晒烟种质资源丰富，杨琼等[28]研究表明不同类型烟草种子脂肪酸组成存在一定差异，与本文研究结论一致。本研究结果表明，参试晾晒烟、烤烟类型烟草的烟籽产量、含油率高于白肋烟类型，地方晾晒烟品种黑蜜柳烟的烟籽含油率较高，晒黄烟品种泉烟烟籽油的总饱和脂肪酸和油酸比例较高，白肋烟品种KY14烟籽油的总不饱和脂肪酸和亚油酸成分比例较高。通过种子产量和含油率测算，晾晒烟和烤烟单位面积的产油量较高，其中晒黄烟品种泉烟单位面积烟籽的产油量最高，其次是烤烟品种云烟85、K346、云烟87，晾晒烟品种黑蜜柳烟、CP2012、万毛3号、青州一号等，单位面积产油量也较高。

综合比较，适宜烟籽油生产的品种是四川晒黄烟品种泉烟、地方晒烟品种黑蜜柳烟、雪茄烟茄芯品种CP2012、晒红烟品种万毛3号（GW-3）等和烤烟品种云烟85、K346、云烟87等。下一步需深化研究烟籽油生产配套的施肥、种植密度、田间管理等栽培技术和烟籽油提取工艺，为规模化、产业化开发提供支撑。

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Comparison of fatty acid content and yield of different varieties and types of tobacco seeds

XIAO Yong1, ZHANG Jianhui1, YU Jiamin1, HOU Xiaodong2, JIANG Hong1, YU Xiangwen1, QU Jiankang1, YANG Xingyou1*

1 Institute of Tobacco Science of Sichuan Tobacco Corporation, Chengdu 610041, China;2 Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Agriculture Science, Qingdao 266101, China

In order to find out the suitable varieties and types of tobacco for producing tobacco seed oil (TSO), the seed yield, seed oil content, fatty acid composition and proportion of flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco and air/sun-cured tobacco were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that: The yield per unit area of air/sun-cured tobacco and flue-cured tobacco were significantly higher than that of burley tobacco. For varieties of air/sun-cured tobacco, the seed yield of variety name Quanyan was higher, followed by variety named K346, Yunyan 85, Heimiliu and CP2012. The average oil content of different types of tobacco was different. The oil content of flue-cured tobacco seed and air/sun-cured tobacco seed was higher than that of burley tobacco seed. The variety with the highest oil content was air/sun-cured tobacco variety named Heimiliu, followed by flue-cured tobacco variety named SCB0 having the second highest oil content; the variety with the highest total saturated fatty acid content was yellow sun-cured tobacconamedQuanyan, followed by cigar tobacco variety named CP2012, red sun-cured tobacco variety named Tieganzi and GW-3, etc. Through comparison, it can be known that some varieties of air/sun-cured tobacco and flue-cured tobacco are suitable for the production of tobacco seed oil, including air/sun-cured tobacco varieties named Quanyan, heimiliu,CP2012, GW-3, and flue-cured tobacco varieties named Yunyan85, k346,Yunyan87, etc.

flue-cured tobacco; burley tobacco; air/sun-cured tobacco; seed; tobacco seed oil; fatty acid

Corresponding author. Email：tobaccoboy@163.com

中国烟草总公司四川省公司科技重点项目“烟籽油制备技术开发与应用研究”（SCYC201917）

肖勇（1968—），从事烟叶生产与科技管理工作，Email：603963237@qq.com

杨兴有（1979—），高级农艺师，主要从事烟草农业科研，Tel：028-86162352，Email：tobaccoboy@163.com

2020-01-24；

2021-12-14

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