Journal of Japanese Invasion of China and Nanjing Massacre

No.4, 2021

1.PerseveranceinthePredicament:theMaintenanceandResponseoftheUniversityHospitalofNankingintheEarlyDaysoftheFallofNanjing

ZhangHuiqing(4)

After the fall of Nanjing on December 13, 1937, despite the evacuations of management and medical staff, the University Hospital of Nanking continued to carry out medical treatment, refugee relief and public health guidance in Nanjing, saving many lives.During the unusual time at the beginning of the fall of Nanjing, the Hospital was always in a state of overload operation with severe shortages of medical staff, funds, medical supplies, food and a surge of patients.At the same time, the Japanese army committed atrocities in the Hospital, which seriously violated the rights and interests of the Hospital.The Westerners who stayed in Nanjing actively responded to and overcame the difficulties through diplomatic channels as well as church and missionary society.They dealt with the Japanese puppet authorities and got out of the predicament as much as possible.In the early days of the fall of Nanjing, the University Hospital of Nanking continued to maintain the hospital operation, and actively treated the victims of the atrocities by Japanese army and patients , which fully demonstrated the humanitarian spirit and the glory of humanity in healing the wounded and rescuing the dying.

2.MemoryInheritanceandValueConstructionintheWorldWarIIMemorialCeremony

LiXin(21)

It is crucial for a certain group or the whole society to be guided by a morally sound value.Only based on the value recognition that a group consciousness in a true sense can be formed, and the group interest can be maximized.Ceremony is an important way of social behavior and value construction.Unlike other type of ceremonies, the symbolic reappearance of history is a unique attribute of the memorial ceremony.The memorial ceremony carries not only the memory of history, but also people’s longing for a better life in the future.The World War II memorial ceremony showed the war trauma to the future generations via history reappearance, and construct a value recognition of opposing war and safeguarding peace for building a community of shared future for mankind through behavioral discipline.

3.ExploringtheChineseTextbookforJapaneseMilitary“ImperialArmyMustCarry:PracticalChineseLanguage”

KouZhenfeng(30)

“ImperialArmyMustCarry:PracticalChineseLanguage” is a Chinese textbook for the Japanese military compiled during the full-scale war of aggression against China purely for the convenience of Japanese invaders.The textbook was issued at the time when the Japanese army achieved a temporary victory in the early days of the full-scale War of Resistance against Japan, and the circulation was relatively large with at least 110 editions.The book covers many aspects such as camping, reconnaissance and combat, construction of fortifications, daily life, public opinion and propaganda, introduction of national conditions, etc.It can be described as a pure military Chinese textbook that the Japanese soldiers must carry on the battlefield.This Chinese textbook has a very obvious military features and aggressive attributes, which provides in part new historical materials and perspective for the study of the history of the Japanese invasion of China and the history of the War of Resistance against Japan.

4.ThePersecutionoftheCommunistsbyJapaneseUnit731

LvJingWangMeng(40)

During the Japanese war of aggression against China, the Kwantung Gendarmerie specially transferred captured members of the Northeast Anti-Japanese Forces, soldiers of the Eighth Route Army and intelligence agents serving the Soviet Union and the Third International to the Unit 731 of Japanese Bacteriological Troops for the inhumane human trials.The atrocities committed by the Japanese bacteriological troops to the Chinese people including the Communists, fully exposed the nature of Japanese militarism.The Communists fought against the persecution in an indomitable spirit and exposed the Japanese invaders’ war crime against humanity to the international community.It will further broaden the research domain of the history of the War of Resistance against Japan to have an in-depth study of the persecution of the communists by the Japanese Unit 731 and the communists’ resistance, and deepen the studies on both the history of the War of Resistance against Japan and the history of the Communist Party of China.

5.TheNanjingAmmoniumSulphateFactoryunderYongliChemicalIndustrialCompany’sPostwarCompensationClaimagainstJapan

SongRuiqi(48)

During the Japanese war of aggression against China, Nanjing Yongli Ammonium Factory, a private enterprise, was severely damaged with the nitric acid equipments taken apart and sent to Japan.With the support of the National Government, the Factory negotiated postwar compensation claim in Japan and successfully retrieved a full set of nitric acid equipment.With the approval of China’s early plan for compensation by Far Eastern Commission, the Factory got some Japanese equipments which were given to Chinese government as compensation and were sold to the factory in low price.However, with the changes of both international and domestic situations, the United States adjusted its policy on the compensation claim against Japan and terminated Japan’s reparation in kind.The Factory ultimately failed to obtain the remaining compensation.

6.FromtheFrontiertothe“Center”:ChangesinChineseintellectuals’CognitionofNortheastChinaaroundtheMukdenIncident

DongXuesheng(59)

Before the Mukden Incident, Japan had conducted academic research on Northeast China for many years, in an attempt to separate the Northeast China from China academically.Facing such a severe situation, scholars represented by Jin Yufu and Zhang Boling refuted Japanese fallacies in discourse on one hand, and contended the Japanese academic circle with specific research on the other hand.However, before the Mukden Incident, the domestic academic research on Northeast China had been in a fragmented state for many years, and there had never been a academic climate.After the Mukden Incident, the Japanese army quickly occupied the entire Northeast China.With summary and reflections on it, Chinese intellectuals began to focus on Northeast China, and for a moment the Northeastern Studies became the “center” of academic research.By observing the cognitive changes of the Chinese intellectuals, especially the intellectual elites, towards the Northeast China around the Mukden Incident, we can see the obvious changes.The Mukden Incident therefore can be regarded as an important watershed of Chinese intellectuals’ cognition of Northeast China.

7.InternationalismorHumanitarianism:TheRotaryClubofShanghaiduringtheJanuary28thIncident

MaJiankai(68)

The Rotary Club is an international humanitarian organization to maintain world peace.After the January 28thIncident, the Special Committee of the Rotary Club of Shanghai composed of representatives from China, Japan, the United States and the United Kingdom, launched a petition for stopping the war, which however was unsuccessful due to ultimatum issued by the Japanese army.At face value, each member of the Rotary Club of Shanghai took it as their own responsibility to promote peace, they actually had different motivation for participation and contradictory ideas for peace, failing to place the internationalism of the Rotary Club above nationalism.Meanwhile, most member of the Rotary Club of Shanghai from various countries agreed with the Club’s humanitarian concept, and carried out wartime humanitarian relief activities making contributions to assist refugees during the Battle of Shanghai.The wartime internationalism concept of the Rotary Club could not compete with nationalism; all that the Rotary Club could maintain was simply the recognition of humanitarianism by members of all parties.

8.TheAnti-JapaneseActivitiesofChineseStudentsStudyinginJapanaftertheMukdenIncidentandJapan’sResponse

ChenZhen(77)

Since modern times, Japan has tried to cultivate pro-Japanese forces in China by recruiting Chinese students to study in Japan.However, instead of being grateful for Japan’s “education” and “guidance”, Chinese students studying in Japan became active opponents of Japan’s policy of aggression against China.After the Mukden Incident, Chinese students studying in Japan set up anti-Japanese groups, united with overseas Chinese and left-wing organizations, and actively engaged in anti-Japanese activities, which aroused the vigilance of the Japanese government.During the period between the Mukden Incident and the outbreak of the total war of resistance against Japan, the Japanese government strengthened its crackdown on the anti-Japanese activities of the students studying in Japan.On one hand, they intensified the investigations of students’ words and deeds, imprisoned and expelled those with “serious cases of anti-Japanese activities” and “dangerous thoughts”; on the other hand, they used flexible means to cozy up to the students, cultivate pro-Japanese forces to weaken their anti-Japanese awareness and serve the established aggression policy against China.

9.TheResponseoftheJapanChamberofCommerceandIndustryinChinatotheBoycottofJapaneseGoods(1915—1923)

WangYaozhen(90)

Since the beginning of the 20th century, Japan set up a number of JCCI in China’s major cities, which gradually developed into a economic organization for Japan’s economic expansion in China.The JCCI in China paid great attention to the boycott of Japanese goods from the very beginning.As the main force in responding to the boycott of Japanese goods, its countermeasures include conducting relevant investigations, transmitting pressure to the Japanese government, public opinion warfare and establishing a coordination mechanism, etc.Facts proved that in the face of the boycott of Japanese goods in China, the JCCI tried to protect its own interests while actively cooperating with Japan’s economic expansion in China.It followed the Japanese government and became an important factor in dissolving China’s boycott of Japanese goods.

10.AComparativeStudybetweenthe“PublicSecurity-ReinforcementCampaign”inNorthChinaandthe“Town-cleaningCampaign”inCentralChina

GuoYan(103)

In 1941, Japan launched respectively the “Public Security-Reinforcement Campaign” in North China and the “Town-cleaning Campaign” in Central China.Under the background of the stalemate stage of the war of aggression against China, both are measures to strengthen the control of the occupied areas with comprehensive military, political, economic, and ideological warfare.However, they differed from each other in terms of the concrete policies and methods.The “Public Security-Reinforcement Campaign” divided North China into Public Security Zone, Public Security-To-Be Zone and Non-Public Security Zone, and adapted measures tailored to specific zone conditions; However, the “Town-cleaning Campaign” was gradually carried out, and it would not expand to other regions until it achieved the complete success in one region.This difference was mainly due to the different geographical environments in North China and Central China, the different campaign initiators and the different targets, which would result in subtle differences in the effects.

11.AnAnalysisonthe“VillageofCare”intheOccupiedAreasofShandong

DuEnyi(116)

After the outbreak of the total war of resistance against Japan, most areas of Shandong fell.The villages within a certain range along the main traffic line were zoned as the “Village of Care” by the Japanese puppet government, which were managed by means of tempering justice with mercy, so the villagers could participate in the roads protection, which to a certain extent maintained the Japanese puppet government’s rule along the traffic lines.At the same time, the Communist Party of China actively carried out works in the “Village of Care” in Shandong through infiltration and transformation, bringing out many two-faced “Village of Care”, which frustrated the rule of the puppet government and promoted the resistance activities against Japan.

12.HowtoPopularizetheResearchResultsontheHistoryoftheWarofResistanceagainstJapan:Atrialbythebookof“BehindtheVictoryoftheChineseWarofResistanceagainstJapan”

ChenHongmin(124)

13.StudiesontheCPC’sMilitaryandPoliticalDevelopmentduringtheTotalWarofResistanceagainstJapan——InterpretationofItsNarrativeLogicof“PredicamentandResponses:StudiesontheCPC’sStreamlineAdministrationduringtheWarofResistanceagainstJapan”

YueQianhouSuMing(128)

【English abstracts translated by Cai Dandan】