Construction and Environmental Protection of Large-scale Livestock and Poultry Farms

Mingquan LI

Nanchong City Committee Office of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Nanchong 637000, China

Abstract Large-scale breeding of livestock and poultry is the main way of modern animal husbandry development. This breeding method is widely used by the majority of owners because of its easy technical promotion, low breeding cost and good economic benefits. But with the development of large-scale livestock and poultry breeding, the pollution and damage to the environment caused by fecal pollution from large-scale livestock and poultry breeding has been criticized by many environmentalists.In this paper, through visit and investigation of large-scale livestock and poultry farms, the methods and measures of environmental protection in the construction of large-scale livestock and poultry farms are proposed.

Key words Livestock, Large-scale farm, Construction, Environmental protection

1 Introduction

To better treat the relationship between environmental protection and economic development, solve the relationship between large-scale breeding of livestock and poultry and environmental protection, and promote harmonious coexistence between man and environment, improvement measures for construction and environmental problems of large-scale livestock and poultry farms are proposed by field visit and investigation on the construction of large-scale livestock and poultry farms.

2 Scientific site selection for prevention

The first step to protect the environment in large-scale livestock and poultry farms is scientifically selecting the construction address of large-scale livestock and poultry farms. Most of the livestock and poultry farms ordered to be demolished by the environmental protection inspector are those with unscientific and unreasonable site selection, serious environmental pollution and damage and strong response from the people. Therefore, it should pay special attention to the site selection of the farm when developing large-scale livestock and poultry breeding. When selecting the site, it should break away from the traditional thinking mode of aquaculture pollution control, update the concept, firmly establish the awareness of environmental protection and the new concept of sustainable development, make scientific planning, and do a good job in the prevention and control of aquaculture pollution very early. When building large-scale farms, it should make a long-term layout and overall consideration of the anti pollution and environmental protection of the farms. The planning and construction of large-scale livestock and poultry farms shall comply with existing laws and regulations. Large-scale livestock and poultry farm is better to be built in the locally planned suitable breeding area for livestock and poultry, and should try to avoid the restricted breeding area, and large-scale livestock and poultry farms should not be built in the prohibited breeding area. Livestock and poultry farms should be far away from densely populated areas and traffic arteries, and the distance should not affect people’s normal life. Large-scale livestock and poultry farms should not be built in urban construction planning areas, basic farmland protection areas and water source protection areas. In livestock and poultry breeding construction, it should minimize deforestation and damage to vegetation as much as possible, and sewage drains shall not be directly connected to farmland and natural rivers and ditches, and shall not pollute groundwater.

3 Perfecting facilities, and combination of planting and breeding

The basic works of environmental protection in large-scale aquaculture are improving facilities and strengthening the pollution control function of farms. In the past, due to the poor environmental protection awareness of breeding owners and people, they only paid attention to the construction of breeding houses and ignored the construction of breeding pollution control supporting facilities, the feces, urine and pollutants produced by breeding could not be cleared and treated in time, resulting in the accumulation of livestock and poultry feces and polluting the environment. In the modern large-scale breeding, the pollution control facilities of the farm should be comprehensively arranged and included in the plan in the planning, design and construction. First, it should vigorously implement the large-scale breeding mode of combination of planting and breeding. According to the quantity of large-scale bred livestock and poultry, the planting area of contracted crops is determined, and it should try to make sure that the fecal sewage generated by large-scale livestock and poultry farms can be used as fertilizer for crop planting. Meanwhile, it should also plan and build necessary sewage treatment and environmental protection facilities for the treatment of excess livestock and poultry manure. In particular, it is necessary to build the sewage storage tank of the farm, the retting tank of dead livestock and poultry carcasses and harmless treatment equipment. Conditional farms can build storage tanks for aquaculture sewage, which can be used for irrigation after simple collection. In the biogas digester of large-scale livestock and poultry farms, the livestock and poultry feces produced are treated by biogas fermentation and returned to the field in the form of biogas slurry and biogas residue. Additionally, large-scale farms also need to purchase necessary sewage transportation equipment, including collection and removal vehicles of fecal sewage, and extraction machinery of biogas slurry and biogas residue, and build a closed sewage transmission pipe network. Large-scale farms with mature conditions can also build workshops for the resource utilization of aquaculture sewage, including the production of organic fertilizer and the online sales of power generation with biogas. In the traditional farm construction, due to the investment restrictions, most farms do not have complete livestock and poultry sewage treatment facilities and equipment, and the sewage treatment function of farms is fragile or missing. When large-scale livestock and poultry farms produce a large amount of manure, in addition to using as fertilizer for digestion and treatment by the planting industry, the owners are helpless, and a large amount of livestock and poultry manure is discharged outside the breeding site, thus polluting the environment. It should establish and improve the rules and regulations for the supporting construction of pollution control facilities and equipment in farms. In the construction of livestock and poultry farms, the pollution control facilities and equipment of large-scale livestock and poultry farms shall be considered as a whole, and the "three simultaneities" (planning and construction, completion acceptance and operation at the same time) with the construction of enclosure shall be achieved. In the construction of large-scale farms, improving the pollution control function of the farm and supporting pollution control facilities and equipment is in an important position.

4 Moderate scale to control pollutants

In the period of super rapid economic development, large-scale livestock and poultry breeding unilaterally pursues economic benefits and focuses on large-scale livestock and poultry breeding regardless of the carrying capacity of the environment. A large number of aquaculture pollutants generated exceed the treatment capacity of the owner, resulting in serious environmental pollution by aquaculture pollutants, and even damage to the environment around large-scale farms. In large-scale livestock and poultry breeding, only appropriate scale management can control the treatment of breeding sewage. Scale operation is the most common requirement of economic development, especially agricultural production projects. But from the perspective of environmental protection and economic benefits, it should emphasize appropriate scale operation. In the actual breeding production, the annual slaughter volume of fattening pigs of general scattered farmers should be controlled at 20-50, and the feeding volume of laying hens and shed ducks per group should be controlled at 500-1 000, while the number of fattening pigs in small family professional farms should be controlled at 200-300 per batch. Meanwhile, the quantity of large-scale breeding should also consider the ability of cultivated land to absorb livestock and poultry manure. Before the construction of large-scale professional farms (plants), it should conduct site selection, planning and design, and comprehensive evaluation of environmental capacity, and fully consider the environmental capacity and the ability to absorb pollutants.

It should vigorously promote resource utilization technology of livestock and poultry breeding sewage. Livestock manure is the best fertilizer for rural planting. In large-scale livestock and poultry breeding, the manure of cultured livestock and poultry on an appropriate scale can be directly used for crop fertilization after retting, forming a virtuous cycle. The remaining livestock manure and urine after crop planting and consumption can be collected and used as raw materials for manufacturing organic fertilizer. The fecal sewage produced by large livestock and poultry farms can also be transformed into biogas slurry and biogas residue through biogas engineering for agricultural planting or generated electric energy through biogas power generation engineering for people’s production and life. In short, the fecal sewage produced by moderate-scale breeding can be disposed through a variety of ways and means, which can fully achieve the standard discharge of livestock and poultry breeding sewage, or even zero discharge.

5 Breeding according to law and strengthening supervision

First, it should increase binding force of laws and regulations, and improve owner’s initiative to protect the environment. In recent years, to protect environment, and accelerate construction of beautiful countryside, many laws and regulations are revised and improved. The relevant provisions of these laws and regulations involve livestock and poultry breeding, the treatment of dead livestock and poultry corpses, environmental protection and assumption of its responsibility, and stipulate various situations of environmental damage into punishment. It can be described as the most severe environmental protection regulations in history. In livestock and poultry breeding, it should consciously do a good job

in environmental protection, strengthen law enforcement and supervision, and achieve breeding and strict management according to law. Second, it should strengthen the qualification management of employees. Owners engaged in large-scale breeding should have not only the corresponding professional knowledge of livestock and poultry breeding, but also certain environmental protection knowledge. Therefore, personnel engaged in large-scale livestock and poultry breeding must pass the training of relevant departments before they can engage in the construction and breeding activities of large-scale farms. Third, it should strengthen the supervision of livestock and poultry prohibited and restricted areas, support legal breeding behavior of breeding owners, investigate, deal with and prohibit the construction of breeding farms (factories) with serious pollution, and develop large-scale livestock and poultry breeding according to laws and regulations. The owners of livestock and poultry breeding must improve their legal awareness, adhere to handling things and breeding according to law, consciously reduce the pollution caused by breeding livestock and poultry. It urges the owners of all kinds of farms to discharge breeding pollutants up to the standard, and effectively reduce the environmental pollution caused by breeding. It should encourage owners to vigorously promote and apply the technology of producing high-efficiency organic fertilizer from livestock and poultry manure, turn waste into treasure, incorporate livestock and poultry breeding pollution control into the national action to reduce the use of chemical fertilizer, coordinate and promote the treatment of breeding pollution, and formulate reward and subsidy policies to encourage the planting industry to vigorously use farm fertilizer. This can not only reduce the environmental pollution caused by livestock manure produced by large-scale breeding, but also reduce the use of chemical fertilizer, improve soil and fertility, impel the green cycle between planting and breeding, and promote the sustainable development of agriculture.