各界专家纵论“一带一路”

“海丝之路”塑造了城市精神

受访者：宁波市文物考古研究所所长 王结华

Wang Jiehua， Director of Ningbo Cultural Heritage

Management Research Institute

宁波是一座向海而生、因海而兴的港口城市。宁波的文明发展史、城市建设史，实际上是一部海洋开发史、海丝之路拓展史。早在距今八千多年前，生活在这里的远古先民已经开始了对海洋的原始开发;距今七千年左右，这里产生了著名的河姆渡文化，出现了早期的舟船系泊点;距今两千多年前，这里出现了第一座港口城市——句章，为后来海上丝绸之路的拓展奠定了基础。

晋代，宁波的海上丝绸之路已经萌芽，唐代设立明州，这时的海上丝绸之路开始进入了兴盛階段，到宋元两代则达到了历史顶峰。当时的明州港，后来也叫庆元港，是世界上最为知名的港口城市之一。

持续数千年的海洋的开发史和海丝的拓展史，不仅造就了宁波这座城市，也塑造了宁波开拓进取、开放包容的城市精神。这种城市精神千百年来一脉相承，今后也会长久而持续地传承并弘扬下去，为宁波经济社会的发展提供强大的动力和坚实的支撑。

Ningbo is a city born out of the sea， prospering because of the sea. The citys history is in fact a history of maritime exploration and a history of Maritime Silk Road expansion. Ningbos forebears began their primitive development of the sea more than 8，000 years ago， and Hemudu culture emerged about 1，000 years later. Gouzhang， the first port city in Ningbo， was born over 2，000 years ago. When Mingzhou was set up as a prefecture in the Tang dynasty， Maritime Silk Road began to prosper， and reached its zenith during the Song and Yuan （1206-1368） dynasties， making Mingzhou one of the best-known ports in the world. The maritime development and exploration over the past few thousand years have not only forged Ningbo as it is today， but also fostered the Ningbo spirit of enterprising， inclusiveness and openness， which will serve as the basis of the citys future development for a long time to come.

书藏古今 港通天下

受访者：宁波海上丝绸之路研究院常务副院长 徐侠民

Xu Xiamin， Executive Deputy Director， Ningbo Maritime Silk Road Institute

“书藏古今、港通天下”，凝聚了宁波港历史文化的沉淀。宁波港不光是通天下，它还是一个让很多宁波人通过港口来运作和学习先进技术的地方。

1985年，北仑港被列为对外开放的港口;1989年，国务院发文，把宁波港作为中国对外开放合作的四个重要的深水港之一;2006年，浙江省提出了宁波、舟山港一体化;2009年，宁波舟山港开始重组，到2015年，两港实现了真正的一体化。

现在宁波每年举办的中国—中东欧国家博览会，每年有几万名外商来参会，来自波兰、希腊等17个国家的客商、官员到宁波来采购、交易、对接。这期间除了商务活动之外，还有很多的人文交流活动。截至2019年年底，宁波市教育系统各个高校和中东欧国家高校签订了近120个合作协议、合作项目。双方每年有不少的学生、老师互来互往，大大促进了思想、教育的提升和促进。

我们的港口是全人类的财富，不是哪一个国家专属的。实际上在互来互往当中，你中有我，我中有你，彼此相互成长，大家都受益。我有个理论：创新是在边缘地带产生的。港口，正好是这种边缘地带，非我们的核心，也非他们的核心，而是一种文化交流碰撞的边界。所以我觉得应该站在全人类的角度，从创新的角度来看待港口未来所赋予的内涵。

Ningbo Port is not only connecting the world， it is also a place for many local people to operate and learn advanced technologies. From 1985， when Beilun Port was listed as an open port to 2015， when Ningbo Port and Zhoushan Port integrated as Ningbo Zhoushan Port， Ningbo city has witnessed tremendous development. Tens of thousands of foreign businessmen attend the China-Central and Eastern European Countries Expo held annually in Ningbo， during which plenty of cultural exchange activities also take place. By the end of 2019， colleges and universities in Ningbo have signed nearly 120 cooperation agreements and projects with universities in Central and Eastern European countries. Our ports are a treasure for all mankind， not for any one country. In the process of mutual exchange， we all benefit from each other's growth. In my opinion， innovation happens at the margin or the boundary and ports happen to be at the very margin， where cultural interactions the most frequently.

瓷器是支撐海丝之路的主要商品

受访者：温州文史馆馆员 金柏东

Jin Baidong， Researcher at Wenzhou Research Institute of Culture and History

最早记载中形容温州地形叫“瓯居海中”，因为温州周边都是水。一千七百年以前，郭璞建城时，他看到了温州九座山，有四座山组成了一个斗门，华盖山为斗口，还有几座山似是斗柄，就这样形成了一个北斗星状。这样的一个自然状态，依江、负山、通水，所以温州被叫作“山水斗城”。

宋元时期，支撑海上丝绸之路的主要大宗商品，已由原来的丝绸变为瓷器。沿线国家也开始以陶瓷代称中国。自Seres（丝）到China（陶瓷）的称谓变化，从另一个方面佐证了陶瓷在海上丝路中主导地位的获得。

当时，海上航行的大都是中国的商船，船中大都是瓷器商品。说起制瓷业的发达，或当首推盛产青瓷宝剑的浙江龙泉和瓯江两岸。而温州的瓷器窑，叫瓯窑。它创烧于东汉，是全国最早发现中国瓷器的三个窑址之一。瓯窑的特点有两个，第一它是缥瓷，外观颜色呈淡青的、微青的一种釉色;第二，瓯窑的褐彩应用是最早的，也是最广泛的。

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties， porcelain replaced silk as the main commodity along the Maritime Silk Road. Indeed， countries and regions along the route began to refer to China as the country of porcelain or ceramics： China was no longer Seres （silk）; it would be called “China”. At that time， a large number of the ships sailing on the sea were Chinese merchant ships， mostly carrying porcelain products. The highly developed porcelain industry was concentrated in several places， one of which was Longquan， famous for producing swords and celadon， and another was the area along the Oujiang River banks， well known for its Ou kilns. Started in the Eastern Han Dynasty， they were one of the three sites where Chinese porcelain ware was first made in China.

守土与冒险的双重性格

受访者： 温州大学温州学研究所所长 洪振宁

Hong Zhenning， Director of Institute of Wenzhou Studies at Wenzhou University

《烟台条约》签订以后，第二年英国的轮船就来到了温州港口。温州当时算是真正开埠了。从1877年到1930年期间，温州进口贸易量增长22倍，出口贸易量增长了309倍。

依山拓海是温州的地理区位特征，也是瓯越文化的基石，它造就了温州人守土与冒险的双重性格。贸易繁盛的温州孕育了“经世致用”的社会文化。两宋时期，发源于温州的永嘉学派提倡事功之学，与朱熹“理学”、陆九渊“心学”鼎足而立，成为中国思想史上的重要流派。

温州是一个港口城市，这一地理位置使得它成为海上丝绸之路的节点城市。温州人有一种移民的性格，是因为人多地少。也正因为这种性格，他们开始从农田上转到工业、手工业，以商带工。

五马街被誉为“浙南第一街”，是温州最著名的步行商业街，一百、五味和、金三益、老香山、温州酒家等一批老字号展示着温州商业曾经辉煌的历史。在这里，中国民营经济史掀开了第一章;在这里，推动中国商业进程的一群人开始了艰辛求索。40年前，温州以改革开放先行区的姿态，在全国范围内率先进行市场化改革，点燃了中国民营经济的“星星之火”，开创了举世瞩目的“温州模式”，成就了众多“中国第一”，也铸就了“敢为人先”的温商精神。

那时候，有十万农民跑供销，把信息拿回来，业务订单拿回来，然后再把产品销到外面去。后来发现，不仅要走出市门还要走出国门，外面天地宽广，需要源源不断的手工业产品和推陈出新的工业产品。所以中国的大江南北有很多温州人，风风火火闯九州。

After Yantai Treaty （also known as the Chefoo Convention） was signed in 1876， British ships arrived at the port of Wenzhou the very next year. From 1877 to 1930， Wenzhous import and export increased by 22 times and 309 times respectively. It is Wenzhous geographical features， namely mountainous and close to the sea， that have created the Wenzhounese “dual character” of fiercely guarding their soil and enjoying venturing out at the same. With its flourishing trade， Wenzhou has nurtured a social culture of “being practical”. The Yongjia School， which originated in Wenzhou during the Song dynasty， is one of the most respected schools in the history of Chinese thought. As a port city， Wenzhou has historically been an important link along the Maritime Silk Road. Wenzhou people， or Wenzhounese， are known for being hard-working， entrepreneurial and open-minded. Forty years ago， Wenzhou took the lead in the nationwide reform and opening-up as a pioneer zone， lit up the “spark” of the development of Chinas private economy， created the world-famous “Wenzhou Model”， achieved many of “Chinas firsts”， and also forged the “pioneering” spirit of Wenzhou businesspeople.

民心相通是最重要的

受访者：浙江师范大学非洲研究院院长 刘鸿武

Liu Hongwu， Dean of Institute of African Studies， Zhejiang Normal University

中国与非洲国家的合作是中国外交非常重要的领域，2000年中非合作论坛成立以后，中非关系发展非常迅速。在这个过程中，国家对非洲研究的需求、对非洲研究的专业人才的需求也快速地增加。

我们知道“一带一路”基础性在于民心相通。民心怎么相通？最好的方式就是把“一带一路”，包括中非双方的文化、艺术、语言、教育方面的通道建设起来，过去我们对非洲很多不了解、信息不对称，这对中非合作、“一带一路”的合作是一个障碍。

而随着我们研究非洲越来越深入，中非实现了信息双向互动，我们不仅研究非洲，也推动非洲国家来研究中国。目前，浙江师范大学内在读的非洲留学生将近1000人，在过去10多年里，来自非洲、在浙江师范大学留学或研修、学习汉语的，从本科、硕士、博士到高级官员，已经近万人。这些人在本国就是高级官员、知识精英，来中国以后，了解了中国实际的发展情况，回去以后成了对华合作的重要推进者。

Regarded as “the foundation of the foundation”， cooperation between China and African countries is crucial for China's diplomacy. Since the establishment of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in 2000， China-Africa relations have developed rapidly. As a result， demand for African studies and professionals in African studies also saw a corresponding increase. One of the major goals of the Belt and Road， people-to-people bond is now a top priority in promoting China-African cooperation and tackling the problem of information asymmetry. The best way to realize the goal is to build up the cultural， artistic， language and education channels， among others， between the two sides. Indeed， Chinas deepening research on Africa is also encouraging more African countries to study China. Now， there are nearly 1，000 African students studying in Zhejiang Normal University. In the past decade or so， about ten thousand students and senior officials from Africa have studied in our university， and have become important proponents of cooperation with China after their return.

一座心靈的祈祷圣地

受访者：普陀海洋文化研究会秘书长 孙和军

Sun Hejun， Secretary General of the Putuo Research Institute of Maritime Culture

舟山的海洋文化内容是非常丰富的，先民在大海上讨生活，以海上捕捞为主要生产方式形成了鱼耕文化。随后延伸出了一系列舟船文化、渔文化、渔港文化、村落文化、海上贸易文化，包括一些民间信仰。这都是由于海洋海岛地区的自然环境造成的。

在海洋的熏陶下、在生活的洗礼中，舟山人形成了独具特色的海洋艺术文化。渔民号子、舟山锣鼓、跳蚤舞……不一而足。明朝时，为了抗击倭寇，在船上、在渔船上、在海船上，舟山人敲击锣鼓、操练兵马，慢慢形成了一种海上锣鼓。

在舟山还打捞出了西班牙银币，这些银币是当时主要的国际流通货币。这种银币在普陀山就发现了一千多枚，这也是那时欧洲国家到舟山来进行海上贸易的一个铁证。

在古代，海外商人、中国贸易商在进行海上贸易前后，都要来普陀山祈求海上平安，普陀山因此成为海商船队一种共同的心灵祈祷圣地，一直到今天，还享有“海天佛国”的称誉。

Zhoushan has a very rich maritime culture. Our ancestors made a living on the sea and， based on it， developed Zhoushans fishing culture. Subsequently， a series of subcultures， including boat culture， fishing port culture， fishing village culture， maritime trade culture and even some folk beliefs， were born out of it. Such maritime folk arts and customs as fishermens songs， Zhoushan gongs and drums， flea dance can only be found in Zhoushan. In fact， the origin of Zhoushan gongs and drums can be traced to the Ming dynasty， when local people were fighting against Japanese pirates， and doing military drills by beat gongs and drums on boats and ships. Over 1，000 pieces of Spanish silver coins， dating to the 18th and 19th centuries， were also found in Zhoushan， a testimony to the bustling maritime trade at the time. In olden times， both foreign merchants and Chinese traders would visit Putuo Mountain to pray for safety for their sea travels， and Putuo Mountain has long been a sacred land of Buddhism.

海洋經济的优势是海商之路

受访者：舟山群岛新区研究中心主任 黄建钢

Huang Jiangang， Director of the Research Center at Zhoushan Archipelago New Area

这些年来，舟山积极抢抓海洋资源优势，大力培育现代海洋产业，形成了以船舶制造、港口物流、水产加工、海洋旅游等产业为支柱，具有鲜明海洋特色的开放型经济体系。

舟山最大的优势在于开发海洋资源。海洋资源很重要的优势是海商之路，这种优势的具体体现在于舟山是四口之要：一是杭州湾的湾口;二是长江的入海口;三是黄海跟东海的交界口;四是中国内海、出海进太平洋之口。当然，海岛资源另一个重要优势是深水岸线，深水岸线的深度和长度决定了这个海岛在海洋交通运输上的作用。舟山有个江海联运服务中心，这个“海”，指的不仅仅是东海，也不仅仅是海洋，它最主要指的是“21世纪海上丝绸之路”里的“海”;同样，这个“江”，也不仅仅指的是长江，它指的是钱塘江、宁波的三江口等各种“江”融汇于此。所以，我经常认为，除了“一带一路”，还有一条水路——江河之路。

When the State Council approved the establishment of the “Zhoushan Archipelago New Area”， it put special emphasis on building a “maritime economy-themed new area”， indicating that the authorities hoped Zhoushan would prioritize the development of its maritime economy. Over the years， by fully tapping its maritime resources， Zhoushan has vigorously cultivated modern maritime industries and formed an open economic system mainly based on shipbuilding， port logistics， aquatic processing， maritime tourism and other industries. Zhoushans greatest advantage lies in the exploitation of its maritime resources and the development of maritime commerce. Located at the mouths of the Hangzhou Bay and the Yangtze River， connecting the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea， and as a passage way to enter the Pacific Ocean， Zhoushan is undoubtedly key to the development of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.