利用高考英语语法填空题开展高中语法复习的相关原则
——以2021 年1 月浙江省高考英语为例
2021-07-20浙江
浙江 沈 奥
《普通高中英语课程标准(2017 年版2020 年修订)》(以下简称《课程标准》)要求学生“在语境中学习和运用语法知识”“运用所学的语法知识,理解所学语篇的基本意义和深层意义”,进而“恰当地描述真实和想象世界中的人和物、情景和事件,表达观点、意图和情感态度,进行人际交流”。从历年高考英语真题来看,语法填空题重点考查了学生在阅读理解的基础上运用语法和语用知识的能力,符合《课程标准》的相关要求。
语法填空题位于高考英语试卷第三部分“语言运用”第二节,具体为“在一篇200 词左右的语言材料中留出10 个空白,部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式,要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容(1 个单词)或所提供单词的正确形式”。语法填空题强化语言运用,在句子和语篇两个层级综合考查语法的形式与意义,具有科学性及实用性的特点。
基于上述特点,高考英语语法填空题是开展高中语法复习的绝佳材料。为提高习题讲解效率、深化语法复习成效,教师应遵循一定的原则对高中英语语法填空题进行梳理,突出重点、解决难点,避免单纯的文本翻译或流水式讲解。本文以2021 年1 月浙江省高考英语语法填空题为例,探讨了利用高考英语语法填空题开展高中语法复习的相应原则。
2021 年1 月浙江省高考英语语法填空题如下:
In a study of 33 years of trends in Body Mass Index(体重指数)across 200 countries,the scientists found that people worldwide are getting heavier 56 that most of the rise is due to gains in BMI in rural areas.
BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool 57 gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.It is calculated by dividing a 58 (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared,and a BMI of between 19 and 25 59 (consider) healthy.
The study found that between 1985 and 2017,average rural BMI increased 60 2.1 in women and men.In cities,however,the gain 61 (be) 1.3 in women and 1.6 in men.The researchers described“striking changes”in the geography of BMI.In 1985,urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries 62 (study) had higher BMIs than men and women in rural areas.But 30 years later,the BMI difference between urban and rural people in many countries had narrowed 63 (sharp).
This may be due to some disadvantages for people 64 (live)in the countryside,including 65 (low) levels of income and education,higher costs of healthy foods,and fewer sports facilities.
试题答案及所考查的语法知识点如下:
一、融合显性教学与隐性教学
显性教学是指教师通过讲解的形式,剖析语法知识的体系和重点,并辅以配套练习让学生加以巩固;隐性教学则是通过沉浸式地体验语言材料的方式,让学生在潜移默化中理解语法现象,并在不断接触语言材料的过程中内化语法知识,形成解答相关语法试题的能力。在利用高考英语语法填空题开展高中语法复习时,教师不应进行纯粹的显性讲解,而应融合显性教学与隐性教学,从隐性教学入手,为学生提供带有目标语法知识形式特征的语言材料,让学生聚焦意义探究,进而将显性教学建立在学生足量的隐性学习之上。
例如,第62 题与第64 题都是考查非谓语动词的相关用法,是本次高考英语语法填空题的重点和难点。针对非谓语动词,不少教师通常会开门见山地点明该语法概念,直接向学生介绍非谓语动词的语法规则,即进行显性教学,但往往效果不佳。为了让学生充分掌握第62 题的语法知识点,教师可以立足隐性教学,首先将第62 题所在的语句单独呈现出来:
In 1985,urban men and women in more than three quarters of the countries studied had higher BMIs than men and women in rural areas.
语法来源于对语言的使用。围绕过去分词这一语法知识,教师可以给学生提供高中英语人教版教材必修5 Unit 1“抗击霍乱”主题之下的相关语言材料,引导学生仔细比较第62 题与所给的语言材料,让学生在充分的语言输入过程中搜索与第62 题语法形式一致的语句,即过去分词充当非谓语动词体现被动意义的语句(第1、4、5、6、7 句)。学生在实际的语言体验中感知、概括语法结构,包括形式与意义。
1.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.
2.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.
3.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.
4.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.
5.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.
6.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.
7.In another part of London,he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.
8.John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.
9.They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.
上述语言材料能激活学生的知识背景,建立起话题图式。在大量的语言输入的过程中,学生可以借助补充材料体会过去分词在作非谓语动词时所具有的代替“主语+被动态动词结构”的功能,同时认知动词的被动语体与非谓语动词作后置定语表被动的功能差异。
在功能体验的基础之上,教师可以对过去分词作表语、定语、状语的相关用法进行显性的讲授,并呈现思维导图(图1),鼓励学生结合自身情况和例句进行深入探究。恰当的图示能让学生形成系统化的知识框架,有利于学生整合语法知识。
图1
隐性教学是将学生的体验与语法形式镶嵌于鲜活、丰富的语境中,使学生的注意力集中在意义的理解与表达上。随后的显性教学则建立在学生对意义的充分探究的基础上,帮助学生建立起系统的语法知识体系。
二、平衡一般规则与规则特例
语法教学中的一般规则运用范围广、使用频率高,相对地,规则特例则需视具体语境而定,繁芜丛杂。由于规则特例也会作为考点出现在高考英语语法填空题中,所以有时教师便会顺理成章地将它们当作语法讲解的中心。事实上,如果将语法规则视作一棵大树,一般规则才是这棵大树的主干,规则特例只是大树不经意长出的枝杈。作为主干的一般规则最能够体现英语语言的表达习惯,理应成为语法讲解的重点;作为枝杈的规则特例只需在练习过程中遇到时再加以处理即可。
例如,第57 题考查定语从句引导词,具体是关系代词的用法。在讲解定语从句关系代词时,许多教师习惯花费大量的时间梳理that 与which 在用法上的差别,例如先行词是不定代词,或者先行词前有最高级、序数词等修饰时只能用that 等情况。但事实上,这些差异只是定语从句关系代词中的特例,过分纠结二者的差别只会导致学生“只见树木不见森林”。教师应将复习重点聚焦于关系代词的常见用法,进而将节省的时间用于复习定语从句的全部关系词,包括关系副词(图2),避免一叶障目。
图2
此外,教师更可以进行延伸讲解,开展高维度、综合性的从句语法复习,引导学生探究that 一词在不同类别从句中的一般运用规则。
语法的一般规则使用最为广泛与频繁,相比于规则特例能更有效地满足实际的运用需求,故而一般规则应该成为语法教学的重点。尽管规则特例有时候更具备训练学生操作认知的价值,但对于规则特例的讲解应该结合含有目标语法规则的特定习题,点到即止。
三、兼顾语法知识与交际能力
语法知识是指有关语法概念与规则的言语信息。对于语法知识,教师有必要借助语法概念对语法规则的运作规律进行显性教学,并结合包含目标语法知识特征的例句加以阐释,再让学生通过练习加以巩固,必要时可要求学生背诵语法规则与典型例句。
但语法的教学不能止步于此。教师在引导学生学习语法知识、理解语法意义的基础上,更要组织学生运用语法进行交际,让学生融语法的形式、意义和运用为一体,开展语言表达,进而将陈述性知识转化为程序性知识,促进其语言交际能力的发展。
例如,教师对第64 题现在分词v.-ing 的讲解可以按照融合显性教学与隐性教学的原则开展。在教授完现在分词的相关语法知识后,教师可以回归教材,让学生自主选择教材中的语篇进行缩写,并要求学生至少使用5 个v.-ing结构。例如,学生对高中英语人教版教材必修4 Unit 2 中A PIONEER FOR ALL PEOPLE 一文的缩写如下:
Decades ago,hunger was a disturbing problem in China.Dr Yuan dreamt about producing more rice.Since then,searching for ways to increase the rice output has become his goal.People often find him doing research in the fields.Using his hybrid rice,farmers are now producing harvests twice as large as before.Great scientist as he is,he cares little about being famous.What he likes doing in his spare time is only listening to music and reading.Dr Yuan is indeed a pioneer for all people.
书面作文体现了语法形式、意义与运用的融合。在学生完成了语篇缩写后,教师可以进一步组织同伴互动,引导学生探讨相关的v.-ing 结构的使用是否合适,不同的v-ing结构在文中充当什么成分。
类似的语篇缩写的语言活动融语言学习、知识运用和思维发展于一体,避免了“学用分离”的误区,使学生在语言与思维的良性交互中增强了语法理解能力,并逐步提升了运用目标语法进行交际的能力。
高考英语语法填空题指向性强,对于高中的语法复习大有裨益。为提高复习效率,教师在利用高考英语语法填空题进行复习时切忌全面铺开,而应融合显性教学与隐性教学、平衡一般规则与规则特例、兼顾语法知识与交际能力,有所取舍,抓住重点,聚焦难点,将语法复习落到实处。