常见矿物类中药粉末的微性状鉴别

袁仕君，马 青，陈科力，刘义梅，李赫宇，李 娟

湖北中医药大学，湖北 武汉 430065

矿物类中药是可供药用的原矿物、矿物原料的加工品、动物或动物骨骼的化石[1]，其应用历史悠久。目前，一些矿物药大多加工成粉末用于制剂和临床，甚至有些原药材也加工成粉末状态，很多矿物类中药粉末的性状和颜色相似，极易混淆，其直观鉴别具有一定的难度，目前对矿物类中药粉末的鉴别研究较少。故建立一种矿物类中药粉末的直观鉴别方法具有重要意义。

中药微性状法，又称微形态法是一种介于性状鉴别和显微鉴别之间的鉴别方法[2]，是在仪器辅助下对中药材表面或断面的细微性状特征进行观察的鉴别方法。该方法具有简单、快速、廉价、直观等特点，是传统性状鉴别法的延伸[3]。近年，郑东等[4]、夏蕾芳等[5]结合微性状鉴定法对易混中药饮片进行了鉴别；刘屹等[6]和李莉等[7]采用微性状鉴定法，快速鉴别中药材中掺杂、霉变的药材，都取得了较好的效果。

随着显微技术的发展，偏光显微镜、电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等多种光学仪器逐步应用到矿物药鉴定中[8]。而在微观领域应运而生的体视显微镜，与传统单目电子显微镜相比，可获得直观立体景象，并可以恢复微观物体的三维信息[9]，具有一定优势。因此，本研究通过体视显微镜的立体成像技术，运用中药微性状法，对4类不同颜色的常见矿物药粉末进行了微性状鉴别研究，以探索矿物类中药粉末直观鉴别的可行性。

1 材料与仪器

1.1 材料

36 种矿物类中药样品收集于安徽亳州、河北安国、江西樟树、河南禹州药材市场。根据样品粉末的颜色和透明度等性状特征，分别分为白色、黄色、灰褐色或黑褐色、红色或紫色等4 种不同类型观察，所有矿物药样品的基原均经湖北中医药大学陈科力教授鉴定，并用X 粉末衍射法进行复核验证，鉴定结果见表1。

表1 矿物类中药样品分类Table 1 Classification information of mineral Chinese medicine samples

1.2 仪器

MZ101 型体视显微镜（广州市明美光电技术有限公司），拍照软件MShot Image，图像处理Adobe Photoshop CS6。

2 方法

将矿物药样品混有的泥土、沙粒、丝絮等清理干净。粉碎后过一号筛备用。将矿物药及其粉末按白色、黄色、灰褐色或黑褐色、红色或紫色分成4类（表1），分类进行观察。将矿物药粉末置于玻片上，据样品矿物药的色泽选择不同颜色的背景，本实验白色矿物药选用蓝色背景，其余颜色矿物药选用白色背景。制片时将样品按不同角度放置，便于观察样品不同方面微性状特征。将载有样品的玻片置于体视显微镜下，打开拍照软件 MShot Image，调节好光源，物镜连续变倍（变倍范围0.7～6.3）以获得清晰的图像。每个样品的每个角度拍摄 8～10 张图像。将拍摄的同一组图像导入Photoshop 合成软件中，进行“自动混合图层”及“合并图层”的操作，最终获得清晰的图片。

3 结果与分析

3.1 白色矿物药粉末微性状特征

由微性状特征可见白色的矿物药粉末一般可分为透明或半透明、微透明或不透明2 类，大多数具有玻璃样的光泽。

3.1.1 透明或半透明白色矿物药粉末微性状特征透明或半透明的白色矿物粉末有大青盐及南寒水石等14 种，其来源及微性状特征见表2，微性状图见图1。

通过考察以上样品的特征发现，有些矿物药具有相似的微性状特征，如玄明粉、芒硝、白硇砂、白矾及月石、硼砂等表面均附着有细粉状或粒状结晶；大青盐、南寒水石、秋石、白石英、云母石和玄精石等，断面均呈层状分布；石膏和阳起石纵断面均为纤维状纹理。但它们可通过其他微性状特征进行鉴别，见表3。

3.1.2 微透明或不透明白色矿物药粉末微性状特征 微透明的白色类矿物药样品的来源及其微性状特征见表4，微性状图见图2。

3.2 黄色矿物粉末微性状特征

黄色矿物药粉末一般具金属光泽。其来源和微性状特征见表5，微性状图见图3。由微性状图可见，密陀僧、金精石及金礞石均为金黄色的片状或块状物，表面具网状纹理，断面呈层状。微性状特征异同点见表6。

3.3 灰褐色或黒褐色矿物粉末微性状特征

灰褐色或黒褐色矿物粉末来源及粉末微性状特征见表7，微性状图见图4。

3.4 红色或紫色类矿物粉末微性状特征

红色或紫色类矿物药粉末一般为不规则块状或柱状。来源及粉末微性状特征见表8，微性状图见图5。

3.5 矿物药微性状特征检索表

依据上述观察到的矿物药粉末的微性状特征，矿物药粉末微性状特征检索表见表9。

表2 透明或半透明白色矿物药粉末微性状特征Table 2 Micro characteristics of transparent or translucent white mineral powder

图1 透明或半透明白色矿物粉末微性状Fig.1 Micrograph of transparent or translucent white mineral powder

表3 透明或半透明白色矿物药粉末特征异同Table 3 Similarities and differences in characteristics of transparent or translucent white mineral powder

表4 微透明或不透明白色矿物粉末微性状特征Table 4 Micro characteristics of micro transparent or opaque white mineral powder

图2 微透明或不透明白色矿物粉末微性状Fig.2 Micro characteristics of opaque or slightly transparent white mineral powder

表5 黄色矿物粉末微性状Table 5 Micro properties of yellow mineral powder

图3 黄色矿物粉末微性状Fig.3 Micro properties of yellow mineral powder

表6 黄色矿物药粉末特征异同点Table 6 Similarities and differences of yellow mineral powder characteristics

表7 灰褐色或黑褐色矿物粉末微性状特征Table 7 Micro characteristics of mineral powder of grayish brown or blackish brown

图4 灰褐色或黑褐色类矿物粉末微性状Fig.4 Micro properties of mineral powders of grayish brown or blackish brown

表8 红色或紫色色矿物粉末微性状特征Table 8 Micro characteristics of mineral powder of red or purple

图5 红色或紫色矿物粉末微性状Fig.5 Micro properties of red or purple mineral powder

表9 矿物药粉末微性状特征检索表Table 9 Micro characteristics of mineral powder of other colors

9.集合体四角圆钝··············································································································白硇砂8.集合体边缘无色透明、中间或为白色，四角圆钝·······································································硼砂粉3.表面无微细粉或粒状结晶。10.断面呈层状分布或层纹片块状。面层纹块状具层纹。11.断面12.断，网状纹理，有的具脂肪样光泽·········································································白石英12.断面层纹薄片状。13.团块透明，网状纹理，带有黄色斑块··················································································云母石13.团块透明、半透明，具斜向纹理，部分呈脂肪样光泽·····························································玄精石11.断面层纹纤维状。14.白色，断面层纹纤维柱状，显绢丝样光泽··················································································石膏14.白色或青灰色，断面层纹纤维状，显玻璃样光泽······································································阳起石10.断面不呈层状或不具层纹。15.团块为立方状晶体、表面可见漏斗状生长遗迹············································································大青盐15.表面呈不规则沟壑状···············································································································秋石2.微透明或不透明。16.表面具粒状结晶或呈颗粒状。17.断面具斜向纹理，表面附有细小的晶体颗粒·····················································································滑石17.浅红色或浅黄色的斑纹或条纹，表面略显颗粒，偶见小凹窝·····························································白石脂16.表面无粒状结晶或不呈颗粒状。18.断面呈放射状或具放射状纹理。19.断面具同心环状鱼鳞形纹理及放射状纵棱线··············································································鱼脑石19.纵断面有纵直棱线，横断面有多数中隔，自中心呈放射状排列························································鹅管石18.断面不呈放射状或不具放射状纹理。20.断面具纵向纤维状纹理，表面夹有点状或条状斑纹······································································花蕊石20.蜂窝状或海绵状块状，表面具大小不一的孔洞、凹窝或圆形突起·······················································枯矾矿物粉末非白色。21.矿物粉末黄色或褐色。22.矿物粉末黄色。23.表面附有微细粉或粒状结晶。24.表面附有一层黄色粉末，纵断面具纤维状纹理················································································雌黄24.蜂巢状的不规则团块或柱状结晶体，表面附有细小颗粒···································································皂矾23.表面无微细粉或粒状结晶。25.表面常有多数小孔，呈脂肪样光泽，断面可见针状结晶···································································硫黄25.呈层状分布或具层纹。26.表面具网状纹理，断面呈层片状，易剥离成薄片·······································································金精石26.断面或表面偶见凹窝。27.表面具菱形网状纹理，断面见椭圆形凹窝，具金属光泽··························································密陀僧27.表面具网状长菱形突起纹理，偶见小凹窝，断面呈层状··························································金礞石22.矿物粉末灰褐色或黑褐色。28.表面具细小颗粒或结晶。29.银灰色而微绿，表面附有细小针状结晶，断面纤维状····································································阴起石29.淡黄褐色至棕黑色，表面附有细小颗粒，断面有孔洞····································································禹余粮28.表面无细小颗粒或结晶。30.表面可见纵向平行的凹沟，断面棕褐色，有白色斑块·······································································石燕30.表面黑褐色带黄色斑块，断面呈明显层片状················································································青礞石21.矿物粉末红色或紫色。31.透明或半透明。32.表面见深红色线状纹理的紫红色长方体或不规则块状结晶·······························································紫硇砂32.紫色半透明至透明，具网状纹理，断面呈层状················································································紫石英31.不透明。33.表面或断面具纹理。34.表面具不规则沟纹或突起，带黄色斑块，断面具树脂样光泽·····························································雄黄34.表面附大小不等颗粒，具粉白或黄白相间的花纹··········································································赤石脂33.表面或断面不具纹理。35.一面分布较密的钉头，另一面具对应的凹窝，断面层叠状或颗粒状·····················································赭石35.具金属光泽的不规则块状集合体，断面呈层状··········································································人工朱砂

4 讨论

现今药材市场和临床上使用的矿物药多为粉末状，使得颜色相似的矿物药粉末极易混淆，传统的性状鉴别法难以准确鉴别。本实验从微性状角度对矿物药粉末进行观察鉴别，发现绝大多数矿物药粉末都具有较明显的微性状鉴别特征，可通过中药微性状法对常见的、易混淆的矿物药粉末进行准确鉴别，并依据微性状特征制订了矿物粉末的检索表。

中药微性状法可弥补传统性状鉴定法的不足，本实验采用的体视显微镜，虽不能穿透物体，但可直接观察原药材的原形原色，能更明显的观察到药材表面的颜色、纹理和起伏结构等细微性状特征[10]，提高了药材鉴定的准确性。同时，较容易评价矿物药粉末的均匀度和纯度，以达到控制矿物药材粉末质量的目的。此鉴别方法简单快速、易于操作、实验结果直观，为矿物药粉末的鉴定研究提供了新的依据。例如观察发现紫石英的粉末有紫色透明、紫色不透明，以及有白色附着物等微性状特征。这些紫色不透明、有白色附着物等特征的粉末，即为带有不同结构和成分的杂质粉末。但这些非紫色粉末分别来自何种结构的矿物，还需要进一步深入分析。

利益冲突所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突