利用语篇宏观结构特征，有效解答语篇型填空题

浙江

高考语篇型填空题（俗称“语法填空题”）的命题方式是在一篇200 词左右的语言材料中留出10 个空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容（1 个单词）或所提供的单词的正确形式。语篇型填空题着重从句子和语篇两个层面，考查考生在阅读理解的基础上运用语法、词汇与语篇知识，对语言的形式结构、意义呈现与功能表达等的综合运用能力，对考生分析句子特征、理解语篇的结构、把握语篇的主题与话题以及熟练使用语法知识等方面的能力要求比较高。语篇型填空题的测试点包括词法、句子关系以及在具体情境中如何确保语义连贯的篇章知识等。

在试题设置上，语篇型填空题在形式上主要分两类：（1）有提示词填空题：通常考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致，非谓语动词，形容词与副词的等级变化以及词类转换等；（2）无提示词填空题：通常考查冠词、代词、介词与连词的正确选用等。无论是哪一类的填空题，其核心目的都是考查考生如何通过语言、语法、语用以及语篇知识，去实现语篇意义的连贯性。

语篇的连贯性可以建立在交际双方共有的知识体系之上，也可以是一段话的各个句子都围绕一个中心展开，从而实现语篇前后表述的一致。连贯是语篇认知的主观行为，是人们根据大脑中的世界知识和外在的情景语境对客观事物进行感知和推理。语篇型填空题深层次的用意在于考查考生如何运用语法、词汇以及语篇等手段去实现语篇意义的连贯表达，这在很大程度上取决于对语篇的宏观连贯原则的把握。本文结合宏观结构特征，分析了如何在语篇型填空题的教学中利用这些特征，即利用语篇的衔接链，紧扣表达的主基调；分析成分的相似性，把握语言表述特征；利用表述的对称性，确保文本内在逻辑；利用语篇内部冲突，整合文本内部联系；利用语篇语类特征，构建文本整体结构，以促进学生对语篇型填空的理解。

一、利用语篇的衔接链，紧扣表达的主基调

为了确保语篇前后意义连贯一致，每个语篇至少有一个衔接链贯穿整个语篇，这包括使用指称、词汇衔接、句法结构等手段。衔接链是确保语篇的话题连贯统一的必备手段。在语篇型填空题中，衔接链的作用是相当重要的。例如：

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1 个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。

There are several reasons why school uniforms are a good idea.First of all,uniforms help the school look smart.The students feel that they belong to a particular group.When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,nobody__56__(have) to worry about fashion (时尚).Everybody wears__57__same style of clothes.Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.A school in Ireland has introduced an interesting new uniform.On the edge of the jacket,there is a piece of cloth__58__gives off light in the dark.When the children are walking or __59__ (cycle) to school on dark mornings,car drivers can__60__(easy) see them.

But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer__61__this question is not clear.One study in America found that students’grades __62__ (improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.But some students didn’t want__63__(wear) the uniform.Other American studies showed no__64__(connect) between uniforms and school performance.

School uniforms are __65__ (tradition) in Britain,but some schools are starting to get rid of them.Some very good schools don’t have a uniform policy.However,uniforms are still popular.Pupils at about 90 percent of British secondary schools wear uniforms.（2019 年6 月浙江卷）

这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了穿校服的各种好处。本文有这样几条主线，其构成了文章表述的衔接链。“...school uniforms are a good idea.”“...uniforms help the school look smart.”“Uniforms can be useful in unexpected ways.”以及“But can uniforms help improve school standards?”这四个句子构成了表达校服的作用的衔接链。其中“uniforms”通过重复的方式，实现了词汇衔接，构成词汇衔接链，从而让文章的主题与中心更加突出。此外，“When every pupil in the school wears the uniform,nobody __56__ (have) to worry about fashion（时尚）.”以及“Everybody wears __57__same style of clothes.”中的“every pupil”“nobody”与“everybody”构成了确保前后指代清晰的词汇衔接链，根据这一词汇衔接链，考生可迅速获得第56、57 小题的答案。由此可见，衔接链确保了语篇型填空题的主题与话题的前后统一与连贯。因此，在解题时，考生首先要把握这些线索。

二、分析成分的相似性，把握语言表述特征

语言结构与类型之间、语篇的结构与意义之间以及语篇的意义传递所依赖的各种表达手段与方式之间都存在相似性。语篇可以通过巧妙的语言形式或结构的安排，实现语篇的连贯表达，并传达出语篇的意义。例如：

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence __61__ they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Canada.It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been __62__ （poor）studied; however,biologists calculate that there are about 20 000—25 000 polar bears worldwide.

Modern methods __63__ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,and are expensive__64__（perform）consistently over a large area.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut __65__ （report）increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a __66__ （believe）that populations are increasing.Scientists have responded by __67__ （note）that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集）around human settlements,leading to the illusion（错觉） that populations are __68__ （high）than they actually are.Of__69__ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations,three are declining,six __70__（be）stable,one is increasing,and nine lack enough data.（2019 年全国卷Ⅰ）

2项研究[18，21]报道了中药冷热交替浸泡治疗脑卒中后肩手综合征的BI评分结果。各研究间统计学异质性较大(P=0.11，I2=61%)，采用随机效应模型进行分析。Meta分析结果显示：试验组BI评分高于对照组，差异有统计学意义[SMD=2.68，95%CI(1.94,3.43)，P<0.000 01]，见图4。

这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了由于生存环境的恶化，北极熊数量减少的状况。“...evidence __61__ they range all...”“...a __66__ （believe）that populations are increasing.”以及“...the illusion（错觉）that populations are...”存在结构上的相似性，通过前后结构的比较，考生即可确定第61、66 小题的答案。此外，“difficult to figure out” 与“expensive __64__ （perform）consistently” 以及“three are declining”“six __70__ （be）stable”与“one is increasing”也存在结构上的相似性，通过对比，考生即可确定第64、70 小题的答案。由此可见，通过对语篇型填空题内部相似结构的对比，考生可以迅速把握其所使用的语言的特征，从而确定答案。

三、利用表述的对称性，确保语篇内在逻辑

一般情况下，在作者构建语篇各个互相联系的部分中，要尽量确保语篇的各个部分所占用的空间相似或一致，从而尽力使它们形成结构上的对称。这样可以让读者在阅读语篇的过程中，迅速把握实现语篇意义连贯的因素，从而迅速抓住语篇的中心或主题等。例如：

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

The Caffeine Catch

Caffeine,a chemical typically found in coffee,has caused a lot of concern because it is one of the few drugs that show up regularly in our food supply.You probably_56__ (use) caffeine since childhood.Caffeine __57__ (be)in your first Coke.If you ever enjoyed a chocolate bar,you ate caffeine.Soft drinks are the major source(来源)of caffeine for most children and even some adults.__58__ (recent),caffeine has found its way into orange,apple,and other flavored drinks.

Small amounts of caffeine — a cup __59__ two of coffee a day — seem safe for most people.However,some people have trouble with even small amounts.One cup of coffee_60__ the late afternoon or evening will cause __61__ (they)to stay awake almost all night.Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem __62__ (call) caffeinism.You get very nervous and you can’t sleep.

It is possible __63__ caffeine may cause birth defects(缺陷）in humans,too.One study showed that __64__ (woman)who drank a lot of coffee,like eight or more cups per day,while they were pregnant were more likely __65__ (have)children with birth defects.（2018 年11 月浙江卷）

这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了咖啡因对人类健康的影响。为了达到让人理解与信服的目的，这篇语篇型填空题使用了对称性的表述。对称性的表述的主要目的在于阐明一个主题，让人理解，并让人信服某种事物是真实的或者是有价值的。例如，“Small amounts of caffeine — a cup __59__ two of coffee a day — seem safe for most people.”与“Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem __62__ (call)caffeinism.”构成了对称性的表述，将小剂量的咖啡因与大剂量的咖啡因的影响进行了对比。通过分析对称性的表述的前后语境，考生可以准确把握第59、62 小题所要表达的意义。此外，“Caffeine,...,has caused a lot of concern ...”“ __58__ (recent),caffeine has found its way...”与“It is possible__63__ caffeine may cause birth defects (缺陷）in humans,too.”也构成了一致性的表达，结合文章整体的表述所用的时态等特征，考生可以确定第58、63 小题的答案。

四、利用语篇内部冲突，整合语篇内部联系

语篇包含着如交际模式、交际引文、言语代码等影响交际的因素，这些因素制约着交际，并且交际双方对这些因素的理解程度，直接影响交际的目的或效果。受交际双方的交际目的、知识背景、交际情景等的影响，在语篇内部，语音、语法、词汇、语义、语用、表述方式以及逻辑结构等层面均可能表现出冲突。这些冲突既可以以语言的形式（如对比、转折等表述）呈现出来，又可以表现为在无明显语言特征（如前后事件的对比等）的情况下，引起语言交际双方心理上的碰撞，从而让语篇得以进一步连贯地发展，实现作者/说者的交际目的。例如：

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for __61__ （be）Britain’s oldest full-time employee —still working 40 hours a week.Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, __62__ she opened with her late husband Les.Her years of hard work have __63__ （final）been acknowledged after a customer nominated（提名）her to be Cheshire’s Woman Of The Year.

Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award,proud Irene __64__（declare）she had no plans __65__（retire）from her 36-year-old business.Irene said,“I don’t see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I __66__（make） over the years.I work not because I have to, __67__ because I want to.”

Granddaughter Gayle Parks,31—who works alongside her in the family business — said it remained unknown as to who nominated Irene for the award.She said,“We don’t have any idea who put grandma forward.When we got a call __68__（say）she was short-listed,we thought it was__69__ joke.But then we got an official letter and we were blown away.We are so proud of her.It’s __70__（wonder）.”（2019 年全国卷Ⅱ）

这是一篇记叙文，讲述了一位90 岁的英国女士因每周仍然坚持工作而获得“年度女性奖”的事迹。文章中的“...she had no plans __65__ （retire）from her 36-year-old business.”“I don’t see any reason to give up work.”“We don’t have any idea who put grandma forward.” 以及“We are so proud of her.It’s __70__ （wonder）.”这五个句子，共同构成了文章中的人物对“获奖”这一事件前后认识上的“冲突”，从“no plans”“any reason”与“any idea”可以推测出第70 小题所要表达的含义。此外，“I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I __66__（make）over the years.”构成了“because I want to.”的基础，但却与“because I have to”构成了冲突，因此根据“I work not because I have to,__67__ because I want to.”句子内部结构间的转折关系，考生可以准确推测出第67 小题的答案为“but”。

五、利用语篇语类特征，构建语篇整体结构

语言产生于语境，同时又体现语境。没有语境，语言就没有赖以生存的环境；没有语言，也就没有所谓语境的存在。语境本身是一个社会系统。语类是人们运用语言在社会交往与交际中，形成的有目的、有步骤的各种语篇类型。不同的语境、不同的交际目的等，会产生不同的语类。语类与文化及作者/说者的目的有着密切的关系；任何一种语类的使用都有一个既定的目标。在一个具体的语篇中，围绕某种交际目标或目的，所选择的语类会蕴含着某些固定的结构，如语篇中什么成分必须出现、什么成分可能出现、这些成分必须出现在什么位置、这些成分可能出现在什么位置或者这些成分出现的频率如何等。例如：

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

On our way to the house,it was raining __61__ hard that we couldn’t help wondering how long it would take __62__（get）there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.

We were first greeted with the barking by a pack __63__ dogs,seven to be exact.They were well trained by their masters __64__ had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and__65__ （recommend）wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.For breakfast,we were able to eat papaya（木瓜）and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.

When they were free from work,they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting __66__（compete）to watch,together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many __67__（tradition）stories about Hawaii that were __68__ （huge）popular with tourists.On the last day of our week-long stay,we __69__（invite）to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,__70__（listen）to musicians and meeting interesting locals.(2019 年全国卷Ⅲ）

这是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者在夏威夷寄宿家庭的经历。本文是按照作者经历的先后顺序一步步推进的，即分别写了三个场景：“On our way to the house...”（前往住处的途中）——“first greeted/Our hosts shared many...”（初次接触主人家）——“...free from work,they invited us to...”（参与当地活动）。根据作者对这三个场景的叙述，考生也可以找到凸显作者心态进展的表述：“couldn’t help wondering”—“first greeted/ wonderful places”—“interesting/popular/beautiful”。因此，根据前述分析，并结合已有的关于记叙文的写作方法，考生可以更深入地分析文章中具体的一些事件，如“take 62 （get）there”“ 65 （recommend）wonderful places”“let us know of an interesting 66 （compete）to watch”“we 69 （invite）to attend a private concert ”以及“ __70 （listen）to musicians and meeting interesting locals”等。结合本文叙事所用的时态及角度，考生可以迅速确定这些表述所需要的结构与形态等。