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高考英语阅读“七选五”解题技巧

2020-12-25河南

教学考试(高考英语) 2020年1期
关键词:七选五段落考点

河南

高考英语阅读“七选五”容易出现连环错,即一处出错导致多处出错。为了跳出连环错的怪圈,避免这种“多米诺”现象,老师在指导考生备考的过程中要让其熟知该题型的特征,明确解题步骤,熟练运用解题技巧。

一、题型特征

高考英语阅读“七选五”试题模式:给出一篇缺少5 个句子的说明文(偶有记叙文),长度300 词左右(其中正文240 词左右,备选项60 词左右),7 个备选项通常是完整的句子,句末有标点符号(有时标点符号会放在正文中的答题线后面,这时备选项不含标点符号,且部分备选项不是完整的句子,仅仅是从句,如2016 年全国卷Ⅱ和2018 年全国卷Ⅰ)。7 个备选项按照由短到长的顺序排列。阅读 “七选五”所选话题与考生的学习、生活密切相关。要求考生根据文章结构、内容,选出正确的句子,填入相应的空白处。该题型不仅要求考生有扎实的语言基本功(词汇、句型、语篇知识),还要求考生具备综合分析能力和逻辑思维能力,即对文章的深层理解能力。《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握”。

高考英语阅读“七选五”和完形填空有相似之处,只不过完形填空需要补充的是词,而“七选五”需要补充的是句子,但是它们的考查方式都是一样的,只要考生选择的答案能够使语意连贯即可。该题型设空大致可分为主旨概括句(文章整体内容)、衔接过渡句(文章结构)和上下文逻辑关系句(细节支撑)三类。其中,逻辑关系句是考查的重点。

二、解题步骤

1.略读全文,理解大意

以最快的速度跳跃式地浏览文章的标题(大、小标题)、首段、每段的首句以及表示句、段关系的连接性词语,特别是however,but 等词后的内容,以了解文章的基本结构和大意。

2.阅读选项,标记线索

依次浏览各个选项,弄清每个选项的意思,找出每个选项中的关键词(这些词有利于定位原文位置)然后初选段首句和段尾句。段首、段尾句要么是主题句、总结句,要么是承上启下句,语言特征鲜明,容易判断。名词性短语或祈使句是小标题或主题句,宜放在段首。如果选项中含有“in a word,all in all,as a result,in short,in belief,in summary,to conclude,in conclusion,to sum up,therefore”等词语,通常是总结句,宜放在段尾。

3.细读文章,定位选项

了解了文章大意和各个选项的内容,初选了段首、段尾句之后,仔细阅读文章,分析上下文之间的逻辑关系,重点阅读每段中空格处的前后句,将前后句中的关键词标记出来,再与各个选项中的关键词进行对比,选出能承接前后写作线索,并在语意和逻辑上都保持顺畅的支撑句(段中句)的选项。

4.代入选项,复读验证

将所选答案复位,再次通读全文,看文章内容是否完整,语意是否连贯,行文是否流畅,从而验证所选答案是否正确。

三、解题技巧

(一)设空在段首

若是针对段落小标题设空,其呈现形式应和其他小标题相同,选项应短小精悍,多为名词词组、动名词短语或祈使句。若段落首句设空,段首句要么与段落标题相关联,要么是段落主题句,选项要具有概括性,要么承接上段,要么引出下文。

考点一、段落主题句

当某段开头处设空时,通常要填的内容是该段的主题句,考生需要认真研读该段内容,尤其是设空处后面的一两句,确定线索词,然后从备选项中查找这些线索词的同义词、近义词或关联词。一般正确选项与空后第一句在内容上是连贯且符合逻辑的,在意义上是紧密衔接的。

【考例1】(2019 年全国卷Ⅲ)

● __37__ Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.Before asking questions about the course design,read the syllabus(教学大纲)and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn’t hiding in plain sight.

G.Ask questions,but make sure they are good,thoughtful questions.

解析:本题考查段落主题句。本段主要介绍了应该提问什么样的问题,所提的问题要确保答案不能显而易见。设空处应概括本段意思“提问题,并且要确保所提问题是经过深思熟虑的好问题”。

考点二、承上启下句

当非首段的第一句设空时,设空处也有可能是承上启下句,这就要求考生既要熟悉上一段的内容,尤其是上一段结尾的内容,又要结合本段内容,使所选答案能够把两段内容进行无缝对接。

【考例2】(2019 年全国卷Ⅱ)

Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump?”This is what motivation or the lack of it can do.Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin.Without motivation,you can neither set a goal nor reach it. Like the child on the diving board,you will stay undecided.

_37__ More than that,how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First,you need to evaluate yourself,your values,your strengths,your weaknesses,your achievements,your desires,etc.Only then should you set your goals.

B.So how should you motivate yourself ?

解析:本题考查段落之间的衔接。前面段落所讲内容“动力和目标设定是同一枚硬币的两个面,没有动力你不能设定目标也不能实现它”,强调了动力的重要性。而37 题设空处后面的句子“More than that,how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal?”意为“不仅如此,你应该如何保持动力去实现目标呢?”,因此37 题要填承上启下的句子“那么你应该如何激励自己呢?”

(二)设空在段中

当设空在段中时,通常考查该空与前后句子之间的逻辑关系和上下文的衔接。考查要点:总分关系、解释关系、例证关系、转折关系、因果关系、递进关系和并列关系。有时会出现下列衔接词:first,second,then,next,later,soon,so,but,however,additionally,what’s more,that is,namely,in other words,for one thing...for another 等。

考点一、总分关系

【考例3】(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ)

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.__37 We slept in a tent,cooked over an open fire,and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work,recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.

C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.

解析:本题考查总分关系。根据下文的描述“我们睡在帐篷里、在篝火上做饭、走很远的路去洗澡和上厕所”可知,这次野营比较艰难,设空处是总体评价,后面是详细描述。

考点二、解释关系

【考例4】(2019 年全国卷Ⅱ)

Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump?”This is what motivation or the lack of it can do.Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin.__36__ Like the child on the diving board,you will stay undecided.

G.Without motivation,you can neither set a goal nor reach it.

解析:本题考查解释关系。设空处前一句的句意“动力和目标设定是同一枚硬币的两面”,设空处要解释二者之间的关系“没有动力,你既不能设定目标,也不能去实现它”。

考点三、例证关系

【考例5】(2016 年全国卷Ⅰ)

There are three main types of cryptography.__37__ For example,the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me”.

E.You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.

解析:本题考查例证关系。设空处前一句的句意为“有三种主要的密码术”。接着就给出一个例子“你可以通过拼写每个单词的第一个字母来隐藏信息”。

考点四、转折关系

【考例6】(2016 年四川卷)

Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries.__36__ In general,they can expect to live six or seven years more than men.One reason for this is biological.

石门县从震旦系到第四系地层在县内均有分布,石炭系分布稀少,未采集该地层土壤样品。在野外工作中采集表层土壤样品时对照石门县地质图,将每个土壤样品归入对应的地质背景中,通过分析得出各地质背景区土壤元素含量见表2所示。性,凡母岩硒含量高者,其风化土壤硒含量同样较高。

A.However,women,on average,live longer.

解析:本题考查转折关系。设空处前一句的句意为“在当今的工业化国家中男人和女人的寿命更长了”。设空处后一句的句意为“一般说来,她们比男人能多活六七年”。根据逻辑判断,设空处应与其前一句构成转折关系,意为“然而,平均来说女人的寿命更长”。

考点五、因果关系

【考例7】(2019 年全国卷Ⅱ)

You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation.This is quite important,because it is directly related to your commitment.There are times when your heart is not in your work.__38__ So,slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment.Clarity(清晰)of thoughts can help you move forward.

A.This can affect your work.

解析:本题考查因果关系。根据上句“There are times when your heart is not in your work.”(“有时候你的心不在工作上”)可知,38 空所填句子要承接上句,说明这种情况会造成的后果“这会影响你的工作”。“This”指代上句所说的情况。

考点六、递进关系

Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives,keeping in mind your beliefs,values and strengths.Remember that goals are flexible.__39__ They also need to be measurable.You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.

E.They can change according to circumstances.

解析:本题考查递进关系。根据上句“Remember that goals are flexible.”(“要记住目标是灵活的”)可知,设空处应承接上句,构成递进关系,进一步说明“目标可以根据情况做出改变”。这里和下句中的“They”都指代“goals”。

考点七、并列关系

【考例9】(2016 年全国卷Ⅱ)

Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants,flowers,patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers(肥料) __38__.However,there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.

E.Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants

解析:本题考查并列关系。由本段第一句“Some...”,第二句“Others...”,可以锁定E 选项“Still others...”为正确答案,它们之间构成固定搭配的并列关系。

(三)设空在段尾

考点一、总结句

当设空在段尾时,设空处有时是起承上启下作用的句子,有时是对前面内容做补充说明的句子,但通常是对本段进行总结概括的句子。往往正确选项中会出现表示结论或总结的关键词,如:in a word,thus,hence,in short,to sum up,therefore,as a result 等。而文章的首段末尾则常常引出全文的主旨,这时常用一些表示转折的词引出主旨。若空格在尾段的末尾,则有可能是对全文进行总结概括,强化文章主题或对文章下结论。

【考例10】(2017 年全国卷Ⅲ)

· Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends.If you’re tired out by Friday night,sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful.But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week,a recent study found.__39__

F.Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time,no matter the day.

解析:本题考查段落总结句。由本段首句可知本段主题是“在周末要坚持你的睡觉和起床时间表”,段尾要进一步强化主题“坚持你设定的就寝和起床时间,无论是哪一天”。

考点二、段落过渡句

当设空在非尾段段末时,也有可能是考查承上启下的过渡句。

【考例11】(2017 年全国卷Ⅰ)

If anyone had told me three years ago that I would bespending most of my weekends camping,I would have laughed heartily.Campers,in my eyes,were people who enjoyed insect bites,ill-cooked meals,and uncomfortable sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me. __36__

The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.The trip they took me on was a rough one.We slept in a tent,cooked over an open fire,and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom.This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work,recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.

D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then,however.

解析:考查段落过渡句。文章首段意为“如果三年前有人告诉我以后我大部分的周末时间都会露营,我会放声大笑。在我看来,露营者是喜欢让昆虫咬、吃不好吃的饭菜和睡令人不舒服的睡袋。这些和我毫不相干”,而36 题后面第二段意为“介绍我去露营的朋友们认为这注定是一次具有开创性的露营。我们睡帐篷、在篝火上做饭、走很远的路去洗澡和上厕所。这次对大自然母亲的短暂造访让我请了两天假,要在皮肤严重灼伤后进行恢复,并且还要支付来自医生治疗我儿子食物中毒的账单”两段之间有转折关系,所以要填一个承上启下的过渡句“然而,从那时起我却学到了很多关于露营的知识”。

考点三、补充信息句

段末设空还有可能是对前文内容进行补充说明,这时要选择补充性的语句。

【考例12】(2019 年全国卷Ⅲ)

· Don’t share personal information or stories.Professors are not trained nurses,financial aid experts or your best friends.If you are in need of a deadline extension,simply explain the situation to the professor. __39__

C.If more information is needed,they will ask.

解析:本题考查逻辑关系。本段主要讲的是“不要把个人信息和经历告诉教授,如果你需要延长最后期限,向教授解释处境即可”。最后应该补充说明“如果需要了解更多信息,他们会问你的”。

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