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替格瑞洛对急性冠脉综合征患者EMPs和sICAM-1的影响及预后观察

2020-12-14谭文鹏李文杰何晓青

中国医药导报 2020年30期
关键词:格瑞洛氯吡格雷

谭文鹏 李文杰 何晓青

[摘要] 目的 观察并探讨替格瑞洛治疗非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(NSTE-ACS)患者,血清内皮细胞微粒(EMPs)和可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)的水平变化及预后。 方法 选取2019年1—6月广州医科大学附属第三医院收治的NSTE-ACS患者146例,根据随机数字表法分为两组,每组73例,氯吡格雷组给予氯吡格雷治疗,替格瑞洛组给予替格瑞洛治疗。观察两组经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)前、术后24 h、术后7 d和术后30 d的EMPs和sICAM-1的水平变化。随访比较两组术后6个月主要不良心脏事件(MACE)和不良反应的差异。 结果 两组患者EMPs和sICAM-1水平在术后24 h较PCI前均明显上升,在术后7 d较术后24 h均显著下降,在术后30 d较术后7 d均显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。替格瑞洛组EMPs和sICAM-1水平在术后7 d均低于氯吡格雷组、在术后30 d均低于氯吡格雷组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。与氯吡格雷组比较,替格瑞洛组总体MACE事件降低,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两组出血事件发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 替格瑞洛治疗NSTE-ACS患者,能够更加迅速改善血管内皮功能并降低炎症反应,從而稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块,不增加出血风险。

[关键词] 替格瑞洛;非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征;内皮细胞微粒;可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1

[中图分类号] R54          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)10(c)-0142-04

Effects of Ticagrelor on EMPs and sICAM-1 in patients with acute coronary syndrome and its prognosis

TAN Wenpeng   LI Wenjie   HE Xiaoqing

Department of Cardiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou   510150, China

[Abstract] Objective To observe the changes of serum endothelial microparticles (EMPs) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) levels and prognosis of Ticagrelor in treatment of patients with Non-ST-Elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Methods A total of 146 patients with NSTE-ACS admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from January to June 2019, according to the random number table method, patients were divided into two groups, with 73 patients in each group. Clopidogrel group was treated with Clopidogrel, Ticagrelor group was treated with Ticagrelor. The levels of EMPs and sICAM-1 in the two groups were observed before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as well as 24 h, 7 d and 30 d after PCI. The major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups within six months after PCI. Results The levels of EMPs and sICAM-1 of the two groups increased significantly at 24 h after PCI, decreased significantly at seven days after PCI compared with 24 h after PCI, and decreased significantly at 30 d after PCI compared with seven days after PCI, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The levels of EMPs and sICAM-1 in Ticagrelor group were lower than those in Clopidogrel group seven days after PCI, and were lower than those in Clopidogrel group 30 d after PCI, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The total MACE events in Ticagrelor group were lower than that in Clopidogrel group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), and there was no statistical difference in the incidence of bleeding events between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Ticagrelor can improve endothelial function and reduce inflammatory reaction more rapidly in the treatment of NSTE-ACS patients, andstabilize atherosclerotic plaques, protect myocardium and does not increase bleeding risk.

[Key words] Ticagrelor; Non-ST-Elevation acute coronary syndrome; Endothelial microparticles; Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1

急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)是指冠状动脉的不稳定斑块破裂、血栓形成导致心肌缺血或梗死[1]。经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)是治疗ACS的主要手段之一[2]。PCI围术期的抗血小板治疗是决定临床治疗效果的重要因素。PCI围术期必须使用两联抗血小板药物:阿司匹林和P2Y12受体拮抗剂[3]。氯吡格雷是传统的P2Y12受体拮抗剂已应用多年,而近年来替格瑞洛作为新型的P2Y12受体拮抗剂,应用逐渐广泛,但是临床疗效仍有一定争议,长期安全性有待进一步考察[4-5]。替格瑞在抗血小板作用以外,还具有保护内皮功能、拮抗炎癥反应、改善冠脉微循环等作用[6]。血清内皮细胞微粒(endothelial microparticles,EMPs)是评价内皮功能状态的有效指标,可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1,sICAM-1)可用于反映内皮损伤和炎症反应程度[7]。本研究观察替格瑞洛治疗非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征(non-ST-elevation ACS,NSTE-ACS)患者过程中,血清EMPs和sICAM-1的水平变化,及其对预后的影响。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选取2019年1—6月广州医科大学附属第三医院收治的NSTE-ACS患者146例,所有病例均符合中华医学会心血管病学分会非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征诊断标准[8]。NSTE-ACS的诊断符合以下条件:缺血性胸痛;心电图ST段下移或者T波改变。排除标准:合并严重感染、血液病、风湿结缔组织疾病或肿瘤;严重肝肾功能不全;既往有心肌梗死病史或有PCI史;射血分数(EF)<30%;有严重替格瑞洛不良反应及氯吡格雷抵抗者;存在抗凝、抗血小板禁忌;其他严重的疾病预期生存期不确定的。所有患者按照随机数字表法分为两组,替格瑞洛组73例和氯吡格雷组73例。本研究符合医院医学伦理学相关要求,所有患者对治疗方案均知情同意,自愿参与本研究,并签订知情同意书。

1.2 方法

所有患者在入院48 h内经桡动脉行冠脉造影检查和PCI术。替格瑞洛组给予替格瑞洛(商品名:倍林达;生产厂家:阿斯利康制药有限公司;批准文号:国药准字J20181077;产品批号:YAAZ)术前负荷剂量180 mg,术后维持剂量每次90 mg,2次/d;氯吡格雷组给予氯吡格雷[商品名:波立维;生产厂家:赛诺菲(杭州)制药有限公司;批准文号:国药准字J20181129;产品批号:8A787]术前负荷剂量300 mg,术后维持剂量每次75 mg,1次/d。均予阿司匹林、他汀、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻剂、β受体阻滞剂或CCB类药物等常规治疗。

1.3 EMPs和sICAM-1测定

于PCI术前、术后24 h、术后7 d、术后30 d晨起采取空腹肘静脉血5 mL。3000 r/min离心,离心半径15 cm,10 min后取血清,-80℃低温冰箱保存。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测EMPs和sICAM-1血清表达水平,试剂盒由上海酶联生物科技有限公司提供(产品批号:20181006),操作步骤严格按照试剂盒说明书。

1.4 主要终点观察

对两组患者进行6个月跟踪随访观察。①主要不良心脏事件(MACE):包括心源性死亡、急性心肌梗死、靶血管再次血运重建、支架内血栓形成、及脑卒中;②药物不良反应:出血事件。

1.5 统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0统计软件对数据进行分析。计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验和重复测量方差分析,计数资料采用例数和百分率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组一般临床资料比较

两组在年龄、性别、体重指数、心血管危险因素、PCI前及后TIMI血流3级比例方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。见表1。

2.2 两组EMPs和sICAM-1水平比较

整体分析:两组EMPs、sICAM-1组间、时间点比较差异有统计学意义(P > 0.05),EMPs交互作用差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组EMPs和sICAM-1水平在PCI术前、术后24 h比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。两组EMPs和sICAM-1水平在术后24 h较PCI前均明显上升,在术后7 d较术后24 h均显著下降,在术后30 d较术后7d均显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。替格瑞洛组EMPs和sICAM-1水平在术后7 d均低于氯吡格雷组、在术后30 d均低于氯吡格雷组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2。

2.3 两组主要终点事件比较

氯吡格雷组有8例MACE事件,其中2例急性心肌梗死、2例支架内血栓、2例脑卒中、2例心源性死亡;替格瑞洛组有1例急性心肌梗死、无其他事件。两组总体MACE事件发生人数比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 4.263,P = 0.039)。氯吡格雷组有8例轻微出血,替格瑞洛组有5例轻微出血,两组均无大出血事件,出血事件发生人数比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2 = 0.760,P = 0.383)。

3 討论

介入手术是治疗ACS的重要手段,术后必须使用足够疗程的抗血小板药物。氯吡格雷是临床常用的传统抗血小板药物,显著改善ACS患者的临床疗效和预后。近年来出现的新型抗血小板药物替格瑞洛,在国内外指南中,被优先推荐用于NSTE-ACS的治疗[8]。研究证实,与氯吡格雷比较,替格瑞洛能显著改善ACS患者心血管事件复合终点[4-5,9]。但是替格瑞洛的临床疗效仍有一定争议,强效的抗血小板作用也带来出血风险升高。本研究观察ACS患者在PCI后随访6个月,替格瑞洛组患者MACE事件较氯吡格雷组明显减少,但是两组的出血事件差异无统计学意义,提示替格瑞洛治疗可以使NSTE-ACS患者有更好的获益,并且无明显增加出血风险,安全性良好。但本研究样本量不多,为单中心研究,有待于进一步增加样本量的多中心研究继续观察。

替格瑞洛除了抗血小板作用起效快、作用强以外,还可以提高腺苷水平,产生临床多效性[6]。腺苷具有改善内皮功能、拮抗炎症因子、清除氧自由基、扩张冠状动脉、改善冠脉微循环等作用。EMPs是内皮细胞在激活或凋亡时脱落到外周血的小囊泡状物质,作为内皮细胞的产物,能够准确反映出内皮细胞的功能。对于各种内皮细胞功能异常的疾病,如冠心病、糖尿病、心力衰竭等患者,血浆EMPs水平会明显升高[10-12]。研究发现,EMPs反映冠脉斑块炎性程度和内皮功能,促进斑块形成和斑块的不稳定,还可以通过促进血小板的聚集导致血栓形成,是心血管风险的独立预测因子[13]。介入手术中的缺血再灌注也可以诱导内皮细胞释放内皮微粒,并通过促进细胞凋亡和氧化应激的作用损害心肌[14-15]。EMPs可能成为冠心病新的标志物和治疗靶点[16]。ICAM-1是免疫蛋白超家族黏附分子之一,在炎症因子刺激后的内皮细胞、单核细胞、淋巴细胞表面高度表达,反映炎症反应的水平[17]。sICAM-1是细胞表面脱落下来的ICAM-1的细胞外成分,sICAM-1的水平可以用来反映ICAM-1的表达程度。ICAM-1参与炎症细胞与内皮细胞黏附,促使巨噬细胞吞噬氧化脂质后转化为泡沫细胞,在动脉粥样硬化形成中起重要作用[18]。ACS患者ICAM-1水平明显高于稳定性心绞痛患者,能反映动脉粥样硬化斑块的不稳定性[19]。心肌梗死后sICAM-1水平升高,与炎症反应密切相关,可用于预测血管成形术后冠状动脉再狭窄和心肌梗死后心力衰竭的危险性[20-21]。本研究显示,在PCI治疗后7 d、30 d替格瑞洛组EMPs和ICAM-1水平均明显低于氯吡格雷组。提示替格瑞洛对改善NSTE-ACS患者内皮功能和炎症反应的效果优于氯吡格雷。其主要作用机制可能与提高腺苷水平有关。

综上所述,替格瑞洛在NSTE-ACS患者治疗中能够更好地改善血管内皮功能并降低炎症反应,从而稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块、减少心血管事件,不增加出血风险。

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(收稿日期:2020-03-11)

[基金项目] 广东省医学科研基金立项项目(B2019066)。

[作者简介] 谭文鹏(1983-),男,博士,广州医科大学附屬第三医院心血管内科副主任医师;研究方向:冠心病及心力衰竭。

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