English Contents and Abstracts

1.JamesH.McCallum’sDiariesandLetters(1938)

TranslatedbyYangXiaming(4)

James H. McCallum was born in Olympia, Washington, in 1893. In 1921, he received a bachelor degree from Yale Divinity School; later a master's degree from Chicago Divinity School and a doctor degree from the Union Theological Seminary in New York. In the 1920s, he went to China and engaged in evangelical and community center work for the United Christian Missionary Society, and he served as a member of the hospital committee of the Board of Managers of the University of Nanking in the mid-1930s and business director of the Hospital of University of Nanking (also known as Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital) since November 25, 1937. In September 1938, he succeeded Smythe as the treasurer of the Nanjing Branch of the International Red Cross. During the Nanjing Massacre, he was in charge of the administration and relief work of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital. Without the permission of the Japanese military authorities, he organized the bury of over 30 corpses collected around the Hospital in the hospital’s air-raid shelters. He went out of Nanjing to transport food, hay and other materials several times. After the pianos of Chung Hwa Girls’ School were taken away by the Japanese soldiers, he immediately reported the case to the US Embassy, which shocked President Roosevelt. During this period, he also wrote a lot of diaries (actually letters to his wife) and letters. His wife, Eva Anderson, then lived in Guling, Jiangxi Province, and went to Shanghai later. She sent those diaries and letters to relatives and friends in the United States. McCallum once complained in his diaries that “I wish I had a copy of my (diary ) notes you’ve been sending home to our family and friends.”

In 1940, John Leror Christian, an American, got some of McCallum's diaries and letters from his younger brother. In 1942, he donated the copies to the Library of Congress, Library of Harvard University and the University of California. During the Tokyo Trial, in May 1946, Sutton, prosecutor of the IPS, took these diaries with him while going to Nanjing for investigation and taking witnesses to the Tokyo Court to testify. At that time, McCallum happened to be out of Nanjing. Sutton left McCallum's diaries from December 19 of 1937 to January 13 of 1938 and an affidavit to Smyth, requiring McCallum to take an oath at the U.S. embassy after returning to Nanjing. Afterwards, the diaries together with the affidavit were sent to Tokyo to be submitted in the court as the prosecution's evidence. On June 27, 1946, McCallum went to the U.S. Embassy in Nanjing and testified under oath in front of the Vice Consul Robert Moody: “I, J.H. McCallum do certify that the foregoing diary notes is a true and correct copy of the notes made by me in December 1937 and January 1938 at Nanking, China, that the facts therein recited are true and that my original diary notes are not now available.” This reflects in part the historical value of McCallum's diaries and letters.

This record contains the diaries and letters of McCallum after January 15, 1938 except two letters. In a letter dated on April 10, McCallum described the self-rescue efforts of Nanjing people by peddling in the street and making brooms, shoes, baskets etc., believing that “the most heartening is to see the people try to come back. They are not sitting around feeling sorry for themselves” and complimenting that “these people are real heroes of Nanking”. The English version of this record is collected in the Library of Yale Divinity School, the Honnold Muddy Library of Claremont University and the Christian Archives of West Virginia.

2.LettertoJohnsonbyCounsellorPeckoftheUSLegationinChinaontheMeetingwithT.V.Soong

TranslatedbyGaoTianshuProofreadbyLiYu(28)

Counsellor Peck of the U.S. Legation in China met with T.V. Soong on Sino-Japanese relations on October 3, 1933 and wrote to Johnson, U.S. Minister to China. The changes in the Nationalist Government's policy towards Japan, whether China should “accept the reality” in the current situations and the views inside and outside of the Government on Sino-Japanese relations were discussed in the meeting. The editorial of the North-China Daily News was attached to the letter, which argued that the Chinese government should set up a truce zone in northern China to serve as a “breakwater” to avoid conflicts with Japan. The original record is collected in the National Archives.

3.RefugeShelteroftheMiddleSchoolAffiliatedtotheUniversityofNankingduringtheNanjingMassacre

YangYali(32)

The Refuge Shelter of the Middle School Affiliated to the University of Nanking was a large-scale refugee shelter during the Nanjing Massacre and existed for a fairly long period of time. Located on the edge of the Safety Zone, it lacked the protection of Westerners lived there and was frequently harassed by the Japanese army . With the help of the International Committee for the Safety Zone, Jiang Zhengyun, Director of the Shelter and volunteers took a series of effective methods such as arranging accommodation, providing rice porridge and medical assistance for the refugees and actively carried out the relief work. They tried hard to protect the refugees when they were in danger and worked together with the International Committee to expose the atrocities by Japanese army. The workers of refugee shelter of the Middle School affiliated to the University of Nanking during the Nanjing Massacre helped those in danger and relieved those in need, which will be remembered forever.

4.North-ChinaNationalPolicyAgencyandJapaneseWartimeCurrencyPolicytowardsNorthChina

WangMeng(45)

Establishing the National Policy Agency and the issuance of Japanese currency and the currency of the puppet government were the two major Japanese strategies to control the economy of the occupied areas during the total War of Resistance against Japan. These two strategies are closely connected with each other. Similar to the situation in the occupied areas of central China, a large national policy agency with a sound capital base was set up in the occupied areas of north China. Driven by the Japanese military and political authorities, Japanese Yen was gradually replaced by the “CJPB Bond” to be the “blood” of internal investment and finance the North-China National Policy Agency. During the two “CJPB Bond” crises, the North-China National Policy Agency became the target of the control by the Japanese military and political authorities, and its operating policy focused gradually on the development of military resources and the use of Chinese private capital. The Japanese military and political authorities sticked to the policy of close connection between the CJPB Bond and the Japanese Yen in terms of value, which was not only to ensure the stability of the Japanese yen's economic system, but also to safeguard the interests of shareholders of the National Policy Agency. The Agency was not only behind the deteriorating economy in the occupied areas of north China, but also the actual operator of Japanese militarism in “collecting” civilian goods.

5.ManchurianRailways’InvestigationofAgriculturalResourcesinNorthChinaaroundtheJuly7thIncident

ShiJiaChengTao(56)

South Manchuria Railway Co., Ltd. (Manchurian Railways for short) was by no means a railway company for purely profit-making purposes, but had long been engaged in aggression and infiltration activities in China according to the Japanese official requirements, which gradually developed into “a company performing national policy”that could influence the decision-making of the Japanese senior leaders. After the Mukden Incident, the Manchurian Railways followed the Japanese aggression and planned to set up the investigation agencies in north China. By the time of the July 7th Incident, a fairly complete intelligence system had already been established, which were used by the Japanese authorities to fully conduct investigations in rural areas of north China, exploring the relevant agricultural resource information, and then to develop detailed “development strategies” to develop and plunder agricultural resources in north China, provide support and make strategic resources preparation for Japan to launch a war of aggression against China, and then further complete the “Mission of the National Policy Agency”.

6.WritingonMotivationofAggressionintheHistoryTextbooksofJapaneseMiddleSchoolSince1894

ZhangYu(67)

The war narratives in the history textbooks of Japanese middle schools during different periods has chosen different contents to narrate and write based on certain interpretations. The “textbook text” is nothing more than an “explanation” of what has happened instead of the objective “knowledge”, which has contained both something of revealing and concealing. For a century , taking the occupation period of Japan by the Allied forces after the Japanese surrender in 1945 as the cut-off point, with restrictions of different powers, the history textbooks of Japanese middle schools have rewritten the content of war narratives, especially the motivation of aggression, and there are some continuation or termination of different degree in its narrative connotation as well as the logic. The pre-war and wartime Japanese history textbooks are more of a carrier of the official knowledge to “justify” the legitimacy of rulers. While after the occupation of Japan by the Allied forces, and with the control of the U.S. army, subversive changes took place in the Japanese history education, which determined the main features of narrative in the post-war history textbooks of Japanese middle schools.

7.TheResponseforSurvivalofDashengTextileCompanyaroundtheFallofNantong

ZhangRuoyu(76)

After Japan launched the total war of aggression against China, the eastern region of China quickly fell, and national industries suffered heavy losses. With the outbreak of the Battle of Shanghai, neighboring Nantong was soon attacked by the Japanese planes, Dasheng Textile Company was gradually in a danger of survival. It neither moved to the rear area nor to the Concession. After communicating with the government, the management of Dasheng Textile Company decided to seek protection from foreign businessmen on the eve of Nantong’s fall, and the company was formally mortgaged to AEG Electric Company on January 10, 1938, and thus the ownership was changed . Nantong fell on March 17, 1938. Dasheng Company relied on being “German property” to game with the Japanese side to maintain production and operation for nearly a year. Due to factors such as the inflation, cheap cotton and expensive yarns caused by the war, Dasheng Company during this period turned its losses of more than ten years into considerable profits, repaying most of its debts and getting rid of the creditors’ control, thus made a “survival miracle” of national industries in the enemy-occupied areas in early period of the Total War of Resistance against Japan.

8.JapanesePuppetRegime’sControlofReligioninOccupiedAreaofHenan

CaoShulin(87)

During the war of resistance against Japan, based on the political-religion relationship established since the beginning of the Republic of China, the Japanese puppet regime strengthened its control of religion by controlling religious groups, rectifying religious affairs and introducing Japanese religion, which made religion in the enemy-occupied areas a tool of the administration. On this basis, the Japanese puppet government used religion to keep the people in ignorance and propagandized the “pro-Japanese, anti-Communist” agenda. They also set up religious armed forces to support the Japanese army, and used the religious belief of the people to conduct economic plunder, even pillage European and American churches and people in disguise, Moreover, the puppet government took the opportunity to encroach the large amount of property possessed by religious groups in the name of “investigation”, and even forced the religious property to serve the government in the name of “charity and public welfare”.

9.TheLeniencyandSeverityofthePunishmentbyMilitaryLaw:StudiesontheCaseofYuChengwanAbandoningChangde

YanHanjianShiQi(97)

Chiang Kai-Shek attached great importance to the success of the Battle at Changde in 1943 due to Cairo Conference. Considering the international impression, Chiang Kai-Shek ordered Yu Chengwan to defend it to the last man. However, Yu abandoned Changde and broke out of the encirclement without authorization and which provoked Chiang Kai-shek immediately to announce to sentence Yu to death. But after Yu was taken to Chongqing and judged by a military court , the final sentence was delayed. After the battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi, Yu Chengwan 's fate was closely connected with the development of the war situation. Finally, because Chiang Kai-shek failed to punish those generals of Gui who abandoned the cities in the battle of Guilin and Liuzhou, Yu was given a more lenient sentence. In the process of the trial of Yu’s case, which lasted for more than one year with twist and turns and controversy, the changes of international situation and domestic war situation had a direct and profound influence. Though the will of Chiang Kai-shek as a dictatorial leader was decisive, yet it was still restricted by factors such as factions, current situations and public opinions, etc.

10.PopulationEvacuationandUrbanDevelopmentundertheShadowofAirRaid——FocusingonChengduduringtheWarofResistanceagainstJapan

XuPeng(108)

After the outbreak of the total war of resistance against Japan, Chengdu, as the political, economic and military center of Sichuan Province, had become one of the key targets of Japanese air raids. To reduce the loss caused by air raids, Chengdu municipal government and the defense authorities evacuated the population in many aspects. The population had been evacuated to the suburbs around the city which extended urban area of Chengdu, and further solved the demarcation disputes between the city and county. To facilitate the evacuation, the municipal authorities actively repaired the urban transport, pull down the city wall, built temporary bridges and constructed the rural roads. In the face of the war crisis and the population evacuation, the administrative organs of Chengdu had strengthened its administrative capability and the mobilization effectiveness. The wartime population evacuation promoted both actively and passively the development of Chengdu, which was not only the unexpected result of the Japanese air raids, but also a reasonable result of the Chinese people's active defense against Japanese air raids for minimizing losses.

11.ShanghaiInternationalRedCrossandtheEnvironmentalSanitationManagementinRefugeeSheltersduringtheWarofResistanceagainstJapan

DingZeli(120)

After the Battle of Shanghai broke out on August 13, the complicated refugee relief work was basically undertaken by charities with refugee shelters. The environmental sanitation problem in the shelters became increasingly prominent with the living environment getting worse and the relief tasks becoming more and more difficult. To coordinate the relief work, some members of the Chinese Red Cross Society who stayed in Shanghai united with Chinese and foreign philanthropists in Shanghai to form the Shanghai International Red Cross, which managed the environmental sanitation in the refugee shelters through formulating sanitary regulations, advocating cleaning campaigns, improving sanitary equipment and eliminating places of poor sanitation. After nearly a year of collaboration, the environmental sanitation of the shelters had been improved markedly, and the refugees had been provided with the basic health care. By analyzing the history of this work from the very beginning, one can observe the evolution of the environmental sanitation work of Shanghai International Red Cross as well as the special historical circumstances of the wartime public health.

12.AnAnalysisonthePolicyofNationalistGovernment’sNurse-RequisitionduringtheTotalWarofResistanceagainstJapan(1937—1945)

ZhangJinyan(130)

During the total war of resistance against Japan, the Nationalist Government made and implemented the policy of nurse-requisition with the support of various circles to meet the wartime needs of military and civilian purposes. With the changing of the war situations, the Government constantly adjusted and improved the policy. Implementation of the policy varied from place to place. The policy of nurse-requisition had a positive impact on supporting the war of resistance and helping the people. However, limited by both subjective and objective conditions, there were some deficiencies.

【English abstracts translated by Cai Dandan】