急性结石性胆囊炎患者经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术后腹腔镜胆囊切除术时机的选择
2020-11-06唐武
唐武
【摘要】 目的:探討急性结石性胆囊炎患者经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(PTGD)后腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的最佳时机。方法:选取2018年1月-2020年1月在笔者所在医院治疗的急性结石性胆囊炎患者65例,根据PTGD后行LC的时间不同分为三组,其中PTGD后0~8周行LC为A组(n=21),PTGD后9~16周行LC为B组(n=24),PTGD后超过16周行LC为C组(n=20)。比较三组LC临床指标、并发症发生率及中转开腹率。结果:B组和C组术前胆囊壁厚均低于A组,术中出血量均少于A组,手术时间、术后首次下床活动时间、住院时间均短于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),B组手术时间、住院时间均短于C组,术中出血量少于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组并发症发生率低于A组和C组,B组LC中转开腹率低于A组和C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),A组和C组并发症发生率、LC中转开腹率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:急性结石性胆囊炎患者经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术后9~16周行腹腔镜胆囊切除术效果显著,且手术风险及并发症发生率较低,利于促进患者术后康复,缩短住院时间。
【关键词】 急性结石性胆囊炎 经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术 腹腔镜胆囊切除术 手术时机
doi:10.14033/j.cnki.cfmr.2020.22.062 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1674-6805(2020)22-0-04
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the best opportunity of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) after percutaneous transhepatic cholecystectomy (PTGD) in patients with acute calculous cholecystitis. Method: From January 2018 to January 2020, 65 patients with acute calculous cholecystitis treated in the authors hospital from January 2018 to January 2020 were selected, and were divided into three groups according to the time of LC after PTGD: group A (n=21) within 0-8 weeks after PTGD, group B (n=24) within 9-16 weeks after PTGD, and group C (n=20) beyond 16 weeks after PTGD. The clinical indicators of LC, the incidence of complications and the conversion rate to laparotomy were compared among the three groups. Result: The preoperative gallbladder wall thickness in group B and Group C were lower than that in group A, the intraoperative blood loss was lower than that in group A, the operative time, the first postoperative ambulation time and the length of hospital stay were shorter than those in group A, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The operative time and hospital stay in group B were shorter than those in group C, and the intraoperative blood loss was less than that in group C, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The complication rate of group B was lower than those in group A and group C, and the conversion rate of LC to laparotomy in group B was lower than those of group A and group C, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05), there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of complications and the rate of LC transfer to laparotomy between group A and group C (P>0.05). Conclusion: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 9-16 weeks after percutaneous transhepatic drainage of liver and gall bladder in patients with acute calculous cholecystitis has a significant effect, and the incidence of surgical risks and complications is relatively low, which is conducive to promoting postoperative recovery and shortening hospital stay.
[Key words] Acute calculous cholecystitis Percutaneous transhepatic cholecystectomy Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Operation opportunity
First-authors address: The 12th Peoples Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou 510620, China
目前臨床对于急性结石性胆囊炎的治疗方式主要是腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC),其具有微创、安全性高、并发症发生率低、术后康复快等优点[1-2]。有学者认为,对急性结石性胆囊炎患者行LC前进行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage,PTGD)有利于解除胆囊压力,不仅降低了后期LC时脓液溢出导致污染的风险,同时可有效缩小胆囊体积以便LC胆囊切除分离,降低并发症的发生[3]。但是,PTGD后行LC的时机目前主要是视患者病情发展情况,尚无统一标准明确说明。因此,本文以笔者所在医院收治的65例急性结石性胆囊炎患者为研究对象,观察PTGD后不同时机行LC的临床效果,具体如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2018年1月-2020年1月在笔者所在医院治疗的急性结石性胆囊炎患者65例。纳入标准:经临床诊断及影像学检查确诊为急性结石性胆囊炎;具有手术指征,且患者和家属对PTGD、LC手术方式和注意事项知情同意;依从性高,积极配合诊疗。排除标准:麻醉或手术不耐受;凝血功能障碍;妊娠或哺乳期女性;严重意识障碍;肝、肾功能不全;合并恶性肿瘤;临床资料不全;自愿退出。根据PTGD后行LC的时间不同分为三组,其中PTGD后0~8周行LC为A组(n=21),PTGD后9~16周行LC为B组(n=24),PTGD后超过16周行LC为C组(n=20)。A组男7例,女14例;年龄31~75岁,平均(59.86±8.22)岁。B组男11例,女13例;年龄39~72岁,平均(61.07±7.58)岁。C组男9例,女11例;年龄36~78岁,平均(60.74±8.63)岁。三组基线资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。本研究已获得医院伦理委员会审核。
1.2 方法
三组患者入院确诊后均行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术:协助患者取仰卧位,先行B超定位,选择胆囊腔中心为穿刺点,常规手术消毒铺巾,在彩超实时状态引导并监测进针,以2%利多卡因局部麻醉至肝包膜下,再应用一次性胆道引流穿刺针,根据测量好的距离垂直进针,避开大血管及胆管,经过一部分肝组织,见针尖达胆囊腔中心,穿刺成功后,拔出针心,见引流管引流胆汁通畅,留取少许胆汁送检,再行B超检查确定引流管在胆囊内,体表妥善固定后接引流袋。A组、B组、C组患者分别在PTGD后0~8、9~16、16周后行腹腔镜胆囊切除术:协助患者取头高脚低左倾位,气管插管全麻成功后,进行常规手术消毒、铺巾,选取四孔入路,建立CO2气腹后,在脐下缘切口置入10 mm Trocal,伸入腹腔镜,然后在腹腔镜监视下分别于剑突下及右上腹穿刺3处Trocal,分别伸入各操作器械,镜下探查肝脏、胃、十二指肠等脏器,经胆囊床进入胆囊后分离胆囊周边粘连组织,仔细分辨三管关系,分离胆囊动脉和胆总管,以顺行或逆行法切除胆囊取出,拔除引流管。
1.3 观察指标
(1)比较三组LC手术临床指标,主要包括术前胆囊壁厚、手术时间、术中出血量、术后首次下床活动时间、住院时间。(2)比较三组LC中转开腹例数及并发症发生情况,主要包括腹腔出血、胆漏、肺部感染、切口感染、胆道损伤等。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS 21.0统计学软件进行数据处理,计量资料以(x±s)表示,采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用SNK-q检验;计数资料以率(%)表示,采用字2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 三组临床指标比较
B组和C组术前胆囊壁厚均低于A组,术中出血量均少于A组,手术时间、术后首次下床活动时间、住院时间均短于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),B组手术时间、住院时间均短于C组,术中出血量少于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。
2.2 三组并发症发生率及LC中转开腹率比较
B组并发症发生率低于A组和C组,B组LC中转开腹率低于A组和C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),A组和C组并发症发生率、LC中转开腹率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表2。
3 讨论
急性结石性胆囊炎指的是由于结石阻塞胆囊管,胆汁浓缩后胆汁酸盐损坏胆囊黏膜上皮,同时致病细菌通过入侵胆囊而引发的继发性细菌感染急性炎症,患者通常表现腹痛、恶心呕吐、高热、寒战等症状,且持续时间长,严重影响患者身心健康及日常生活质量,甚至危及患者生命安全[4-5]。既往治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的主要手术方式是传统开腹胆囊切除术,但由于对患者创伤大、手术风险大、术后并发症多、患者康复慢等弊端已逐渐被LC所取代[6]。但是由于急性结石性胆囊炎患者胆囊及周边组织炎症严重,往往由于粘连、胆囊肿大等因素增加LC手术难度,导致手术风险增加,中转开腹率高[7-8]。因此,需要采取PTGD进行胆囊减压,快速缓解患者临床症状及病情,择期行LC。有学者指出,与直接行LC相比,PTGD引流胆汁后,待患者炎症及症状消退后再行LC可显著降低手术难度及手术并发症,改善患者预后[9]。