环状RNA在人类生殖妊娠方面的研究进展
2020-09-01赵一燕鞠捷孔祥
赵一燕 鞠捷 孔祥
[摘要]环状RNA(circRNA)是一种自然存在于生物体内,呈共价闭合环状结构的内源性非编码RNA(ncRNA),具有调控基因表达的重要生物学作用。其通过作为微小RNA(miRNA)在环状RNA-miRNA-mRNA轴中发挥作用,调节可变剪接以及亲本基因表达。近年来随着技术的发展,人们逐渐发现了具有独特生物学特性的环状RNA在临床疾病预测、早期干预及诊断治疗等方面具有广阔的发展空间,成为近年的研究热点。但环状RNA在妇产科非肿瘤方面研究相对较少,故本文简要介绍环状RNA并对其在人类生殖与妊娠方面非肿瘤相关疾病的研究进展进行概述。
[关键词]环状RNA;生殖;妊娠;复发性流产;产前诊断
[中图分类号] R714 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2020)7(a)-0022-05
Research progress of circular RNA in the area of reproduction and pregnancy
ZHAO Yi-yan1,2 JU Jie1,3 KONG Xiang1,3▲
1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northern Jiangsu People′s Hospital, Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225001, China; 2. School of Graduate, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Province, Dalian 116044, China; 3. Yangzhou University Medical College, Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225001, China
[Abstract] Circular RNA is an endogenous no-coding RNA (ncRNA) that naturally exists in living organisms and has a covalently closed loop structure. It plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. It acts as microRNA (miRNA) in the circular RNA-miRNA-mRNA axis, regulating alternative splicing and parental gene expression. With the development of technology in recent years, people have gradually discovered that circular RNA with unique biological characteristics has broad development and application space in clinical disease prediction, early intervention and diagnosis and treatment, and has become a research focus in recent years. However, circular RNA is relatively rare in non-tumor obstetrics and gynecology diseases. Therefore, circular RNA is briefly introduced and its research progress in non-tumor related diseases in human reproduction and pregnancy is briefly summary in this article.
[Key words] Circular RNA; Reproduction; Pregnancy; Recurrent spontaneous abortion; Prenatal diagnosis
新进入人们视野的环状RNA广泛存在于真核细胞质中,是具有调控基因表达作用的内源性非编码RNA分子。不同于以线性拼接方式形成的RNA,环状RNA呈闭合环状结构,无5′端帽子和3′端尾巴。人们最早从病毒及类病毒中得到对环状RNA认知[1],但早期的研究者认为环状RNA是RNA产生过程中发生了错误的剪接而形成的,无明确的生物学功能,从而使其未得到重视和充分的研究[2]。随着近年来高通量测序技术的发展,环状RNA不断从各种真核生物细胞中被发现[3-4],使人们不断对其功能进行深入研究。因其特殊的生物学特性,环状RNA在疾病的发生发展机制及早期诊断方面成为近年来的热点研究项目[5]。目前环状RNA在人类生殖与妊娠方面的相关研究较肿瘤相关疾病要少的多,因此本文将简要介绍环状RNA的形成、特性及生物学功能,并重点着眼于环状RNA在不孕症辅助生殖、复发性流产(recurrent spontaneous abortion,RSA)、妊娠合并症及产前诊断中的相关研究及应用前景。
1环状RNA简介
1.1环状RNA的形成
环状RNA的产生机制及过程尚未彻底明确,其目前主要可分为五类,包括外显子来源的环状RNA(ecircRNAs)、内含子来源的环状RNA(ElciRNAs)、环状基因组间RNA(包括类病毒和丁型肝炎病毒)、RNA加工過程中的环状RNA中间产物(tRNA或rRNA加工过程中的中间体)、具有持家基因功能的环状RNA(ciRNAs)(RnaseP或某些snoRNA)[6]。在环状RNA的形成机制上,最早由Jeck等[7]提出RNA成环模型,即套索驱动环化和固有配对环化。环状RNA分子主要是由反向拼接形成,即下游外显子与上游外显子反方向拼接在一起形成环状转录物。此外,环状RNA还有另一种形成模式,即依赖于RNA结合蛋白。剪接因子Quaking(QKI)[8]和Muscleblind(MBL)[9],作为连接2个侧翼内含子相互靠近的桥梁促进环状RNA形成。因此推测RNA结合蛋白在RNA环化过程中起重要作用,通过互补序列桥梁和抑制典型拼接促进环化。以上为可能性较大的学说,环状RNA具体形成机制仍需进一步研究证实。
2.3环状RNA与RSA
RSA是生殖医学研究中的重要课题之一,美国生殖医学学会将≥2次的妊娠失败定义为RSA[30]。导致RSA的因素并不完全明确,基因表达异常是发生RSA的重要因素,故环状RNA在RSA的病因及发病机制的深入研究中有着重要的作用。Qian等[31]对RSA孕妇与正常孕妇的绒毛膜组织中的环状RNA表达进行差异性分析,结果显示,hsa_circ_104948、hsa_circ_ 104547等8种环状RNA在两组之间有显著的差异性表达,进一步分析表明,绒毛中环状RNA的差异性表达可能与其充当miRNA调节靶基因的表达水平的功能相关。目前对与RSA相关的环状RNA的研究较少,未来仍有广阔的研究空间。
3环状RNA与妊娠
3.1妊娠合并症
临床产科常见的妊娠合并症有妊娠期糖尿病(gestation diabetes mellitus,GDM)、妊娠合并高血压疾病、胎盘异常等,严重的妊娠合并症可导致不良的妊娠结局,甚至威胁母儿生命。以环状RNA的生物学特性在未来有可能用于早期预测妊娠合并症的发生,从而指导临床工作者得以提前预防或干预。子痫前期(preeclampsia,PE)具有发病迅速、病情进展快等特点,在妊娠合并高血压疾病中是造成不良母儿结局较多的一种[32],有多项研究[33-35]从患有PE孕妇的血细胞或胎盘组织中筛选与正常孕妇组表达差异较大的环状RNA,而Zhang等[34]发现12种环状RNA呈现明显的差异性表达,其中hsa_circ_101222的表达差异更是高达10倍左右,提示其可能作为PE的诊断标志物以辅助临床,但Prefumo[36]也提出距离环状RNA正式进入临床作为检测指标还有很多的困难需要克服。
GDM是指妊娠期首次发生任何程度的由糖耐量异常引起的高血糖,在中国的发病率高达14.8%[37],其具体原因及发病机制尚未明确,可能与遗传、胰岛素分泌等因素有关。近年有研究[38]通过检测孕妇外周血中环状RNA丰度表达发现,GDM孕妇和正常孕妇有2678个差异表达倍数>2.0的环状RNA,其中hsa_circ_0042852、hsa_circ_0004001两种环状RNA及其参与的调控网络与调节能量代谢的信号通路相关,提示了环状RNA可能参与调控GDM发病机制的某些代谢环节。Yan等[39]发现GDM孕妇胎盘绒毛中227种环状RNA表达显著增高,255种明显降低,并存在大量的GDM发病相关的miRNA结合位点,提示环状RNA的异常表达可能与GDM的发生相关。还有研究[40]检测出GDM孕妇胎盘组织中有46个环状RNA差异表达明显,分析结果提示这些环状RNA的来源基因与内分泌抵抗以及晚期糖基化终产物受体通路(AGE-RAGE)有关,在多种糖尿病并发症中发挥重要作用,并与GDM的不良妊娠结局密切相关。
3.2产前诊断
胚胎发育是一个复杂的过程,环状RNA在胚胎发育过程中可能具有独特而重要的功能,可作为研究胚胎发育不同阶段的标志物。Xu等[41]的研究系统检测出了胎儿与成人各类组织中含有的环状RNA表达水平并不相同。而在人类胎儿脑部的发育期间,环状RNA在某些特殊区域富集较为明显[42]。在临床应用中,随着转录组测序(RNA-seq)技术的发展,以体液中的环状RNA作为检测指标具有较强的发展潜力及可操作性。目前应用广泛的产前筛查主要使用全基因组测序学方法来研究人类三体征(包括13-三体、18-三体和21-三体综合征),以鉴定这些特定非整倍性染色体中的每一个基因表达特征。林南新等[43-44]研究得到了13-三体综合征患者脐带血或母血中差异表达的环状RNA,并推测hsa_circ_0002473、hsa_circ_0005 651等环状RNA及其靶基因可能成为13-三体综合征无创性产前筛查诊断的新生物标志物;而hsa_circ_0001649可能成为18-三体综合征潜在的新标志物[45]。常燕[46]的研究显示hsa_circ_103112在21-三体综合征患儿的脐带血及其母体外周血均有显著差异性表达,其靶基因USP25也与临床症状的产生有关,可能成为21-三体综合征的临床标志物。
4小结与展望
因环状RNA拥有广泛性、稳定性、特异性等生物学特性且具有调控基因表达的重要功能,近年来逐渐成为生物医学领域的研究热点,但目前仅少量研究环状RNA与人类生殖及妊娠相关。随着生物信息及测序技术的发展,环状RNA在人类繁衍、优生优育方面具有广阔的研究价值及发展前景。
环状RNA可以被分泌至细胞外环境中,可通过临床普遍检测标本如血液、尿液、分泌物等检测出来,用于临床诊断或研究较为方便。目前的相关研究主要流程为找出患病组较正常组独特上调或下降表达的某些环状RNA,构建环状RNA-miRNA-mRNA相关网络,并分析其与某些蛋白或信号通路的关联,从而揭示疾病的病理发病机制并期望以之作为生物标志物应用于临床早期预测干预以及治疗。但如何从大量差异表达的环状RNA中较为准确地筛选出与目标疾病相关联的某一个或几个还是目前亟待改善的问题,实验室的研究成果距离临床应用亦有很长的一段路要走,尚需生物技术与器材的继续发展和对基因调控研究的继续深入。研究人員对已知的差异调控的环状RNA进行深入挖掘及大数据分析可能促进环状RNA与疾病关系的进一步确定,从而加快临床应用的步伐,这需要研究者们的共同努力。
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(收稿日期:2020-01-02)