腹腔热灌注化疗中灌注液体量与腹腔压力关系的研究
2020-07-14孔文成章静应荣超
孔文成 章静 应荣超
[摘要] 目的 结合膀胱压力指标,研究腹腔热灌注化疗中灌注液使用的量与腹腔压力的关系。 方法 收集2018年6月~2019年3月本院胃肠外科行腹腔热灌注化疗(hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy,HIPEC)治疗的病例行HIPEC之前進行一般情况收集,并在热灌注时监测患者膀胱压与腹腔灌注液量的关系变化,并记录灌注期间的两根出水管路的通畅信息。 结果 期间我科共行收集有效相关HIPEC治疗病例32例,病因胃癌10例、卵巢癌7例、黏液癌6例、肠癌5例、腹膜癌3例,子宫内膜癌1例。男14例,女18例,中位年龄53岁(33~75岁),通过这些病例的数据获得腹腔灌注液与膀胱压的趋势线:Y(Y为膀胱压,cmH2O)≈1.067X+0.345X2(X为腹腔灌注液,L)。膀胱压为0~2.0 cm水柱时,盆腔引流管通畅率为46.9%,脾窝引流管通畅率为37.5%,两者无明显差异,两管均通畅率为21.9%。膀胱压为2.1~4.0 cm水柱时,盆腔引流管通畅率为78.1%,脾窝引流管通畅率为71.9%,两管均通畅率为65.6%,当膀胱压为4.1~6.0 cmH2O或更高时两管均通畅率为100.0%。 结论 HIPEC治疗过程中,承载主要作用的腹腔灌注液与腹腔压力存在二次函数关系。本研究发现,维持腹内压在4.1~6.0 cm以上时,能保证腹内灌注液的循环通畅。本研究为初步的单中心研究,仍需多中心的临床研究结果来验证。
[关键词] 腹腔内压力;腹腔热灌注化疗;腹腔灌注液;膀胱压
[中图分类号] R730.6 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2020)13-0019-04
[Abstract] Objective To study the relationship between the volume of perfusion fluid used and the intraperitoneal pressure in hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, in combination with the indexes of bladder pressure. Methods General conditions were collected before hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC) for patients undergoing HIPEC in our hospital from June 2018 to March 2019,the changes in the relationship between the bladder pressure and the intraperitoneal perfusion fluid volume were monitored during hyperthermic perfusion, and the unobfuscated information of two outlet pipelines during perfusion was recorded. Results During this period, our department collected 32 cases of effective HIPEC treatment in total, including 10 cases of gastric cancer,7 cases of ovarian cancer, 6 cases of mucinous cancer, 5 cases of intestinal cancer, 3 cases of peritoneal cancer, and 1 case of endometrial cancer. There were 14 males and 18 females, with a median age of 53 years old(33-75 years old). From the data of these cases, the trend line of intraperitoneal perfusion fluid and bladder pressure was obtained: Y(Y stands for bladder pressure, cmH2O)≈1.067X+0.345X2(X stands for intraperitoneal perfusion fluid, L). When the bladder pressure was 0-2.0 cmH2O, the patency rate of pelvic drainage tube and the patency rate of splenic fossa drainage tube were 46.9% and 37.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two tubes, and the patency rate of both tubes was 21.9%. When the bladder pressure was 2.1-4.0 cmH2O, the patency rate of pelvic drainage tube and the patency rate of splenic fossa drainage tube were 78.1% and 71.9%, respectively, and the patency rate of both tubes was 65.6%. When the bladder pressure was 4.1-6.0 cmH2O or higher, the patency rate of both tubes was 100.0%. Conclusion During the HIPEC treatment, there is a quadratic function between the intraperitoneal perfusion fluid carrying the main function and the intraperitoneal pressure. This study finds that maintaining intraperitoneal pressure above 4.1-6.0 cm can ensure the circulation of intraperitoneal perfusion fluid unobstructed. This study is a preliminary single-center study, and results from a multicenter clinical study are still needed to verify the results.
[Key words] Intraperitoneal pressure; Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy; Intraperitoneal perfusion fluid; Bladder pressure
傳统上腹膜癌病被认为是一种不治之症[1]。然而,Sugarbaker建立了手术切除宏观肿瘤联合局部化疗作为一种可行的治疗方案[2]。自此,越来越多的研究中心采用细胞减灭术(Cytoreductive surgery,CRS)联合术中热灌注化疗来治疗腹膜恶性肿瘤患者。目前欧美有100多个中心在执行腹腔热灌注化疗(hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy,HIPEC)程序并有逐年增加的趋势[3,4]。在国内也有更多的中心参与HIPEC的治疗队伍中来,甚至独立成立HIPEC中心。
由于HIPEC治疗中涉及多个操作步骤,联合CRS就更为复杂,导致目前整体操作流程并未得到规范,HIPEC执行效果良莠不齐。其中HIPEC中化疗液的用量直接涉及灌注化疗效果,但综合各个中心报道来看,差异极大,从0.5~6 L均在执行,这直接导致各中心HIPEC的治疗效果差异。本文对HIPEC中涉及的主体化疗液的用量进行研究,以期临床达到HIPEC的治疗目的,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2018年6月~2019年3月本院胃肠外科行HIPEC治疗的患者53例,经筛选,排除HIPEC腹腔积液、腹腔巨大占位、腹腔粘连等影响腹腔压力的因素后获得32例。其中,病因为胃癌10例、卵巢癌7例、黏液癌6例、肠癌5例、腹膜癌3例,子宫内膜癌1例。男14例,女18例,中位年龄53岁(33~75岁),中位体重指数22 kg/m2[(16.9~28.8)kg/m2]。患者行热灌注化疗之前的化验、检查提示基本正常,ECOG评分均小于3级,术中最大腹腔灌注液中位数4500 mL(4000~5400 mL)。
1.2 方法
置管方法:右侧肝面膈顶放置进水管,左侧脾窝和盆腔各留置一根出水管,进出水管均选用一次性使用多功能引流管M8型号。见封三图3。
行HIPEC之前进行一般资料收集,患者平躺,在热灌注时监测患者膀胱压与腹腔灌注液量(无化疗药)的关系变化。膀胱压监测方法:排空膀胱后旋转三通开关使导尿管端与延长管相通,管道内注入50 mL无菌生理盐水,作为腹内压的传导介质,以患者耻骨联合为零平面。在腹腔灌注液为0 mL、1000 mL、2000 mL、3000 mL、4000 mL时的膀胱压和膀胱压为12 cmH2O时记录所需的灌注液。
1.3 观察指标
(1)观察腹腔灌注液与膀胱压的关系。(2)在各个膀胱压阶段(0~2、2~4、4~6、6~8、8~12 cmH2O),记录出水管的通畅情况,以双侧均有灌注液循环为达标。
1.4 统计学处理
应用SPSS19.0统计软件进行统计学分析及散点图曲线拟合,计量资料用(x±s)表示。计数资料采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 腹腔灌注液与膀胱压关系
筛选获得的32例病例的膀胱压与灌注液的曲线关系图见图1,腹腔压力的变化与腹腔灌注液呈二次函数关系。故制成拟合曲线图,拟合曲线公式为:Y=-0.419+1.067X+0.3457X2≈1.067X+0.345 X2(Y为膀胱压,cmH2O;X为灌注液,L),且R平方值为0.941,拟合效果好。
2.2 出水管的通畅情况
各个膀胱压力水平出水管的通畅情况见表1。当膀胱压在0~2.0 cm水柱时,盆腔引流管通畅率为46.9%,脾窝引流管通畅率为37.5%,两者无明显差异,两管均通畅率为21.9%。膀胱压在2.1~4.0 cmH2O时,盆腔引流管通畅率为78.1%,脾窝引流管通畅率为71.9%,两管均通畅率为65.6%,当膀胱压在4.1~6.0 cmH2O或更高时两管通畅率为100.0%。
3 讨论
肿瘤腹膜转移可起源于多种腹腔内组织器官。在过去,这种情况被认为不可治愈,因此认为疾病到了姑息治疗阶段。然而,目前的多模式治疗策略包括减瘤术(CRS)和腹腔温热治疗(HIPEC)是一种有前景的治疗方法。治疗效果取决于腹腔内肿瘤负荷程度,随机对照试验显示总体与全身化疗效果相当,对当做是姑息治疗的患者其生存期已明显提高[5、6]。目前已成为继手术、化疗、放疗及生物疗法之后的又一种肿瘤的治疗手段。这种治疗模式在手术基础上添加了辅助治疗,就是将有细胞毒性的药物加热后直接应用于腹腔,以消灭肿瘤移除后残余的肿瘤细胞。原理基于三方面:(1)大块肿瘤组织手术去除后显露残余肿瘤细胞,而多数细胞毒性药物组织渗透性差;(2)直接的腹腔局部应用化疗药物能使药物均匀分布;(3)化疗药物加热能增强细胞毒性,增加治疗效果[7],并通过增加细胞膜通透性,提高细胞内药物的浓度与反应速度,使药物的敏感性增强[8],减轻化疗药物的不良反应。根据报道HIPEC在减轻肿瘤疼痛、退缩肿瘤病灶、提高肿瘤患者生存质量等方面均有较好的治疗效果;此外,HIPEC还可激活机体免疫[9]。有研究表明,即使是在局部热疗中,对肿瘤的原发灶和转移灶也能产生免疫反应作用[10],发挥机体自身免疫功能来抗肿瘤作用。
但目前对HIPEC中承担主要作用的灌注液研究较少,综合各个中心报道来看,差异极大,从0.5升到6升均在执行[11-13]。在我国发行的《腹腔热灌注化疗技术临床应用专家共识(2016版)》也只是推荐了3000~5000 mL的灌注液,对于腹腔具体应量述以腹腔充盈和循环畅通为原则,未能做临床实践推荐[14]。本研究着重于HIPEC中腹腔灌注液与腹内压力的关系,引入膀胱压作为指导。本研究发现:腹腔灌注液的用量与腹内压存在二次函数关系,灌注液的用量能较好预测膀胱压;当膀胱压维持在4.1~6.0 cmH2O时,出水管能保证良好的通畅率。此外,一些研究发现腹腔内的压力对药物分子渗透至肿瘤组织有直接关系,如TNF-α[15-17]。进一步实验也证实,在腹腔灌注期间,腹内压增加与组织摄取顺铂、奥沙利铂、阿霉素相关[18-19]。另一实验研究也发现奥沙利铂灌注时,腹腔高压联合热灌注能使组织中奥沙利铂达到最高浓度,而不是单独热灌注或者腹高压[20]。现今,肿瘤组织化疗药的摄取被认为是HIPEC的最佳药理学终点,而不是腹腔内药物浓度优势。有效的热灌注与腹内压联合在技术上比较容易实现,尤其是采用封闭式HIPEC技术。有临床试验研究采用封闭式HIPEC技术,将腹内压增加至19 mmHg时也认为是安全的加压水平[21]。因此,本研究设定的最高腹内压12 cmH2O,不涉及患者安全性问题。
結合以上发现,我们推荐HIPEC期间膀胱压至少在4~6 cmH2O以上,腹腔内灌注液维持在3000 mL以上。此推荐并非单从出水管通畅率考虑,而是研究者在本次研究中体会到在该膀胱压水平,腹腔内的腹膜能获得充分的循环灌注,达到HIPEC的理想效果,尤其是前腹壁、肠系膜上、小网膜囊内的种植灶,这些病灶在灌注液偏少的情况下难以获得满意的循环灌注效果。同时在加压条件下,能增加肿瘤摄取化疗药物浓度,提高治疗效果。本研究为初步的单中心研究,仍需多中心的临床研究结果来验证。
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(收稿日期:2019-03-09)