高中英语语法填空中谓语动词形式的确定
2020-04-20张方超
张方超
谓语动词的考查是历年高考英语语法填空题的必考点,也是难点。考生应明确什么情况下填谓语动词以及如何确定其正确形式。
一、主句主语之后,用谓语动词
确定谓语动词的形式时,应综合考虑该动词的时态和语态(根据文章背景、上下文语境及句中的时间状语确定该动词的时态;看动作是主语发出还是主语承受,确定语态;此外还要考虑主语的人称和数量)。
(1)简单句中缺谓语动词。例1:In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut ______(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.(2019全国I)。Inuit people是主语,其后缺谓语;根据时间状语 in recent years确定时态,根据句意用主动语态,故填have reported.
(2)从句中缺谓语动词。例2:When fat and salt ______(remove) from food ,the food tastes as if it is missing something.(2017全国I)
本句是主从复合句,分别有自己的谓语。when从句的主语后缺谓语,考虑时态和语态;再根据句意,用被动;主语是两类事物,用复数,故填are removed.
(3)并列谓语动词。例3: Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ______(recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.(2019全国III)
主语our hosts之后的shared是谓语,and是并列连词,连接两个并列谓语,即A and B形式,A和B时态一致,故填recommended.另外,还有三个并列谓语的情况,即A,B and C.比如:He checked the evidence, read the article and passed it onto the copy-editor.
(4)主谓一致的情况。例4:Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six _____(be) stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data. (2019全国I)
and 连接四个简单句,故缺谓语,根据上下文确定时态,主语six是复数概念,故填 are.
二、空位于句首,构成祈使句时
常见结构为:祈使句+and+句子;祈使句+or/otherwise+句子,如:①______(hurry) up, or/otherwise you will be late. ②______(work) hard, and you will succeed. and/or/otherwise连接前后两个句子,故用动词原形构成祈使句。答案:1. Hurry;2 .Work另外还有更复杂的句子,掺杂着同位语,各种从句等“枝叶”,在分析句子时要拂去枝叶,剩其主干,才更容易判断所填动词的正确形式。如:
例5:It could be anything—gardening, cooking,music,sports—but whatever it is, ______(make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.(2016全国I卷)。
分析句子,but连接前后两个句子,but后是主从复合句,whatever引导从句,空上需要的是动词原形来构成祈使句,故填make.
注意:空位于句首時,除了上述句型,还有以下情况:①______(break) into pieces, the mirror is useless. ②_______(see) the terrible sight, he burst into tears. ③_______(finish) the task on schedule, they worked day and night. 这三个题目,逗号后是主句,逗号前是非谓语动词作状语的情况,与构成祈使句的情况不同,应注意区分。根据非谓语动词的使用规则,确定答案为:1. Broken; 2. Seeing; 3. To finish
三、虚拟语气中谓语动词的确定
语法填空对虚拟语气的考查不多,却是难点。常见的考点有表坚持、命令、请求和建议的词,wish及if虚拟条件句等,考生应注意梳理并熟记。如:
①He suggested we ______a rest.②He insisted all the water supplies ______(examine). ③It is high time that we ______(consider) his advice. 答案:1. (should) have; 2. (should)be examined; 3. considered/should consider。
总之,谓语动词形式的确定是有法可依的。只要我们明确缺谓语的情况,再综合考虑时态、语态、语气、人称、数量等,这道题目就迎刃而解。