业界先驱与藏书界魁首

陈富强

作为藏书家的丁丙，他的“八千卷楼”与他抢救的《四库全书》，跟庞元济创办杭州世经缫丝厂用动力发电照明一样，有异曲同工之妙。电能结束了浙江几千年手工织布的历史，而浩如烟海的煌煌藏书，也以不朽典籍散发的灿烂文明之光，照亮千年长夜。

1882年，中国第一盏电灯在上海亮起，开启了中国电力事业。在浙江，有电的时间是在1896年，显然要稍晚一些。

但我在整理浙江电力工业史时，却发现一个十分独特的现象：包括上海在内的国内其他地区有电，大多是租界内先有电，而发电厂或发电设备的投资者通常是外国人。民族资本在最初的电力创办者清单中却廖廖无几，而非实业家办电者，则更是凤毛麟角。然而，浙江的电力先驱，不仅利用的是民族资本，而且，主要的投资者还是一位藏书家。这在晚清的中国可谓独一无二。

庞氏家族用电照亮藏书楼

京杭大运河南端终点，是杭州城北的拱墅区，那儿有一个明显的地理标志：拱宸桥。这座始建于明崇祯四年的石拱桥，算起来已经有130多年的历史。以拱宸桥为中心向周边辐射，是清末尤其是民国时期浙江工商业较为集中而发达的地区，一批在浙江工业史上留下名字的大型企业，都曾将这里作为自己的发源地。其中，也包括杭州世经缫丝厂。1896年8月15日，一家颇具规模的缫丝厂出现在拱宸桥畔的如意里，所用直缫式缫丝车逾200台，采自上海摩宜笃公司。这家厂生产的“西泠牌”生丝，一度成为江南一带的畅销品。本来，在丝绸之府的杭州，出现这样一家丝厂并不是新鲜事，但之所以令当时的杭州工商企业界津津乐道，是世经缫丝厂安装了自备发电机，第一次在浙江境内首创夜班照明。这也是迄今为止浙江有电的开始。

杭州世经缫丝厂的投资者，一位叫庞元济，还有一位叫丁丙。我在追溯这两位投资人的身世时，就发现他们对于电力的情怀似乎非一般企业家可比。而且他们都与中国著名的藏书楼结下不解之缘。

庞元济是湖州南浔人。在历史上，南浔素有“四象八牛七十二金黄狗”的说法。简单理解，“象”是南浔顶级富豪，南浔四象，每家财产都在1000万两以上，其中以刘镛家族财产为最，达2000万两。庞家也和张、顾两大家族一起，列四象之一。可见，庞家在南浔也是豪门世家。通常，张家的张静江，因为与孙中山先生的特殊关系，在近现代史上地位显赫。相反，庞元济家族的名声却要稍低。历经岁月磨难，刘镛家族的小莲庄、张石铭家族的旧宅，基本保存完好，唯独庞家的祖屋，除了宅基地，地上建筑几乎毁坏十之八九。

事实上，庞元济是民国以来最为著名的古画收藏家，有“收藏甲东南”之誉。庞元济收藏的眼光素为收藏家所称道。收藏于南京博物院的《富春大岭图》是元代黄公望的代表作之一。当年，庞元济购买时，被所有行家诟病为赝品，结果被庞氏以6000美元的捡漏价收藏，足见庞元济鉴定古画的眼力超群。或许，正是因为庞元济在古书画收藏界的独特才能，他在创办实业方面也是眼界开阔，眼光独到。1918年，庞元济发起组建“浔震电灯有限公司”。这是南浔最早的电灯公司，为包括嘉业堂藏書楼在内的“四象八牛七十二金黄狗”，以及普通南浔民众提供照明。庞元济在实业领域眼光之独特，从创办浔震电灯公司中可见一斑。

我在嘉业堂藏书楼见到了庞元济创办的浔震电灯公司的痕迹。我进入藏书楼，在清帝溥仪所赠“钦若嘉业”九龙金匾及“嘉业堂藏书楼”匾之间，见一悬挂的吊灯，为五头灯具，灯罩卷边，呈波浪型。即使以现在的审美眼光来看，这盏吊灯也依旧十分耐看。藏书楼建成于1924年，此时，南浔已通电，这盏吊灯所装的五盏白炽灯有足够的亮度，能照亮藏书楼的厅堂与书房。

我能够想象，当暮色苍茫，南浔小镇在夜色里渐渐沉睡，而嘉业堂藏书楼却灯火通明。那些藏书里的灵魂和光芒，从书柜里散漫而出，与灯光一起，彻夜长谈。

庞元济创办浔震电灯公司，要晚于他在杭州投资的世经缫丝厂，但缫丝厂在浙江率先用上电，让庞元济尝到甜头。所以，对于电力在晚清和民国初期的湖州地区普遍应用，我一点也不感到惊讶。

丁氏家族乱世救书建八千卷楼

我也好奇庞元济的合作者丁丙。发现丁氏家族在杭州声名显赫，是藏书世家。丁家的产业现在还有。在浙江大学医学院附属第一医院，至今还有丁家的一座藏书楼，典型的清末民国风格的建筑，现在里面开了一家民营书店，也算延续了丁家的藏书遗风。

丁丙在和庞元济一起创办世经缫丝厂之前，有过一段令人敬畏的经历。

“阁在孤山之阳，左为白堤，右为西泠桥，地势高敞，揽西湖全胜。外为垂花门，门内为大厅，厅后为大池，池中一峰独耸，名‘仙人峰。东为御碑亭，西为游廊，中为文澜阁。”这段描述说的是杭州文澜阁，是清代为珍藏《四库全书》而建的七大藏书阁之一，也是“江浙三阁”中唯一幸存的一阁。

丁丙与兄长丁申，号称“双丁”，是杭州颇有名望的藏书家和金石学家，兄弟俩撰有《武林藏书录》三卷。有关丁氏兄弟，在杭州有一个流传最广也颇富传奇的典故，就是他们和文澜阁《四库全书》的故事。我一直认为，从丁氏家族的家风来看，这个典故的可信度很高。

丁丙的祖先，为守护“八千卷楼”，可谓呕心沥血。“八千卷楼”的来历，始于北宋著名藏书家丁顗，他搜集图书八千卷，筑大室以藏之，题藏书之所称“八千卷楼”。到了丁丙的祖父丁国典手上，买卖做得很红火，渐渐成为杭州的富户大家。丁国典以藏书为乐，尤喜治诸子百家，为发扬祖宗遗志，在杭州梅东建楼储书，并请名士梁同书题名“八千卷楼”。而丁丙父亲丁英，则在继承其父所遗之“八千卷楼”基础上，又广购藏书至几万卷。

《四库全书》成书后，分藏于“北四阁”与“江浙三阁”。然而没有想到，仅仅过了70多年，咸丰十一年，“江浙三阁”中的最后一座，也就是位于杭州西湖孤山的文澜阁，在太平军李秀成攻破杭州后也遭到了焚毁，《四库全书》散佚殆尽。

当时，丁丙与丁申正在杭州西郊留下镇避难。一日，丁丙上街买早点，不经意间瞥了下手上包裹早点的纸，大惊失色：竟然是四库全书的散页。丁丙忙问摊主，摊主拿出手边那本随手撕扯的书本，正是文澜阁馆藏《四库全书》之一种。震惊之余，丁丙开始追索书的来源，丁氏兄弟于是开始了从摊市、废墟中寻觅收购、抄补的历程。

一方面，丁丙不動声色地以收废纸为名，骗过太平军，搜集镇子里散失的《四库全书》;另一方面，据记载，他招呼几位胆大的壮士，借着夜色潜入文澜阁，搜集幸存的书册加以集中，运到上海、舟山等地寄存。最终，丁氏兄弟收集到8000余册文澜阁《四库全书》，计3396种，大约是全书的1/4。直到同治三年，书才被运回杭州。光绪六年，浙江巡抚谭钟麟重建文澜阁，次年落成。丁氏兄弟极力搜访残籍，出其家藏图书，又抄“天一阁”“抱经楼”“振绮堂”“寿松堂”等藏家之书，历时7年之久，得书籍每捆高二尺一束，共得800束、3396种，抄补残缺者891种，使“文澜阁”之《四库全书》恢复十得七八。由此，获光绪帝颁旨表彰，褒奖其“购求藏庋，渐复旧观，洵足嘉惠艺林”。至光绪十四年，文澜阁《四库全书》基本恢复原貌。

后来，杭州庆春路整治工程中，为了纪念丁氏兄弟，在菜市桥桥头立了丁氏兄弟的铜像，并留下一方铭牌：“乱世救书，功德常存。”

我去庆春路上浙大一院内的丁家藏书楼时，专门去拜谒了丁氏兄弟的铜像。浙大一院内的丁家藏书楼建于清末年间，有“小八千卷楼”之称，是丁丙在田家园内所建三座藏书楼之一。书楼建成，图书入藏，一切安妥后，丁丙写下《八千卷楼自记》一文告诫后辈：“吾祖吾父之志，吾兄未竟之事，吾勉成之，小子识之。”当时丁氏藏书已多达20万卷，书楼成为“晚清四大私人藏书楼”之一。所谓“晚清四大私人藏书楼”，是指杭州丁氏八千卷楼与常熟瞿氏铁琴铜剑楼、山东聊城杨氏“海源阁”、浙江湖州归安陆氏“皕宋楼”。

在我看来，作为藏书家的丁丙，他的“八千卷楼”与他抢救的《四库全书》，跟庞元济创办杭州世经缫丝厂用动力发电照明一样，有异曲同工之妙。电能结束了浙江几千年手工织布的历史，而浩如烟海的煌煌藏书，也以不朽典籍散发的灿烂文明之光，照亮千年长夜。

Two Collectors Introduced Electricity to Hangzhou

By Chen Fuqiang

Chinas first electric lamp was lit in Shanghai in 1882. The first time Zhejiang used electricity was in 1896. While I was examining the timeline of power supply in the province， I noticed something quite interesting. The power systems in Shanghai and other parts of China were almost all designed and built up by foreigners. Take Shanghai for instance. Concessions were the first users of electricity. In contrast， Zhejiangs first electricity supply system was set up by two industrialists who were respectively art and book collectors.

The riverside region on the both sides of the Gongchen Bridge， which is at the southern end of the Grand Canal of China， was home to many textile factories from the last years of the Qing Dynasty （1644-1911） up to the last two decades of the 20th century. On August 15， 1896， a silk reeling factory operated by the Pang Yuanji and Ding Bing in Hangzhou was the first industrial facility in the bridge region that used electricity. The workshops in the factory were lit so that night-shift workers could carry the work into deep night. The silk reeling business， equipped with over 200 silk reeling machines and a lighting system， caused a stir in the industry. The investment into the silk reeling factorys lighting system was made by Pang Yuanji （1864-1949） and Ding Bing （1832-1899）.

Pang was from Nanxun， a canal town in the heart of northern Zhejiang. Close to Shanghai， the town thrived as a powerhouse of silk export to international markets. The rich silk tycoons of the town were referred to as “four elephants， eight buffalos and 72 gold dogs. Pangs father was one of the “elephants”， namely one of the richest four tycoons. These families built grand garden houses in Nanxun. Some of these houses have remained and some have disappeared. Pangs grand house is one of the latter. More than 20 years after he and his business partner built a lighting system in the factory， Pang started a electric lamp joint venture which provided his hometown with a complete lighting system. Today， tourists can see lamps and chandeliers in some best garden houses that have remained. Jiayelou， a library built by the richest man named Liu Yong in Nanxun， was connected to the towns power grid.

Pang Yuanji was a connoisseur. His art collection was so huge and precious that some considered him Chinas best known art collector of his time. The collection comprised bronze， porcelain， and jade artifacts in general and thousands of masterpieces of painting and calligraphy in particular. After the founding of Peoples Republic of China in 1949， he donated the art collection to the state.

Ding Bing， Pangs business partner of the electricity system of the factory at the Gongchen Bridge， was a celebrated bibliophile. When the soldiers of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom seized and ransacked Hangzhou in 1861， the Wenlange Library in Hangzhou which housed a complete copy of the compiled in 1792 under the decree of Emperor Qianlong was also ransacked by the rebels. A collector of books， Ding noticed some street vendors use pages from books of the imperial library in Hangzhou to wrap up goods they sold. To his alarm， he deduced what happened. He and his younger brother Ding Shen took action immediately. They sent people out to buy back all the books looted from the library. One night he went back to the library on the West Lake. After the investigation， the Ding brothers launched a rescue action. Altogether they were able to rescue over 8，000 volumes of the library and rush them to safe houses in Shanghai and Zhoushan archipelago. The books they rescued accounted for about a quarter of the original collection and were in 3396 titles. It was not until in 1865 that all the rescued books were transported back to Hangzhou. In 1880， the Wenlange Library was restored. Ding Bing funded a project to restore the complete copy of the . In 1888， the copy project was essentially completed.

Today a bronze sculpture in Hangzhou memorializes and honors the Ding brothers for their epic rescue project. Of the three private libraries Ding Bing built in a compound which is now part of a hospital in downtown Hangzhou， one is completely restored. The three libraries had a combined collection of 200，000 books. The Dings book collection was one of the greatest in the country of his time.