白居易知道他在日本很火吗
2020-04-20陈杰
陈杰
中国导演陈凯歌曾将日本著名作家梦枕貘的作品《妖猫传》搬上银幕。在梦枕貘梦想中的大唐盛世,有两位主角穿梭其中,串起了一个关于神怪的故事。其中一位是日本著名的“弘法大师”空海,而另一位是中国人耳熟能详的诗豪白居易。
在唐朝時,白居易靠一支笔征服了日本上下。上至天皇高官,下至普通百姓,都是“乐天粉”()。
那么,为什么日本的作家、学者乃至普通人,都对白居易如此青睐呢?
一
有一天,一位朋友问我:“白居易在生前就知道自己在日本很火吗?”仔细想想,这个问题要分好多层次来解答。首先,白居易生前,他的诗歌就被传抄到日本了吗?其次,白居易知道他的诗被传抄到日本了吗?第三,白居易生前已经在日本火起来了吗?最后,白居易知道他在日本很火吗?
我们可以确定的是:白居易生前确实知道他的诗歌在日本有传抄。
在《白氏长庆集后序》中,白居易如是说:“其日本、新罗诸国及两京人家传写者,不在此记。”这说明,会昌五年白居易在这本文集完成时,已经知道自己的诗在日本有传抄。这个时候,白居易距离他人生的终点还有一年时间。
那么,这种传抄有没有到了“很火”的程度呢?
当时日本最大的“乐天粉”是最高统治者嵯峨天皇,嵯峨天皇曾和当时著名的诗人小野篁玩过一次有关白诗的文字游戏。据《江谈抄》记载:嵯峨天皇在河阳馆写了一句诗:“闭阁唯闻朝暮鼓,登楼遥望往来船。”写完以后就给小野篁看,小野篁回答说:“如果把‘遥字改成‘空字更好。”嵯峨天皇赞叹说:“没错,这句是白居易的诗。原诗用的就是‘空字,卿的诗才可比乐天了。”
“诗才可比乐天”可以说是一个非常高的评价,而受到这个评价的小野篁也是一个“乐天粉”,他接嵯峨天皇的梗如此之快,显然必须对白诗非常熟悉才行。据说,嵯峨天皇和小野篁看的白居易诗集是由弘法大师空海于延历二十五年带回的,窃以为这种可能性微乎其微。嵯峨天皇和小野篁读到的最早的白居易诗集,恐怕应该是长庆四年所集的《白氏长庆集》。因此,此二人的文字游戏恐怕应该在嵯峨天皇和小野篁晚年。
有另一个例子可以说明:《文德天皇实录》承和五年条记载了一件事:
“大宰少贰藤原岳守检唐船,得《元白诗笔》献,因功叙位。”
大宰少贰藤原岳守在唐朝船只中找到了《元白诗笔》,一呈献给天皇就拿了个从五位的官位。一方面,这说明以嵯峨天皇为代表的日本朝廷对白居易的喜爱,另一方面,也说明白居易的诗集在当时是稀缺货,并没有到人人传抄的地步,大约是在嵯峨天皇为首的小圈子里开始火起来的。
嵯峨天皇统治前后,是日本“唐风”盛行的时代,尤其在朝廷贵族中,仿效中国六朝文学写汉诗蔚然成风,而白居易的文学主张进入日本以后,对日本汉文学产生了极大的影响。他的诗“老妪能解”,琅琅上口,符合日本人的审美意境;他将禅入诗,文以载道,符合日本人的信仰特征;他的诗为景而发,借事抒情,符合日本人“物哀”文化的特征,因此在日本的文坛被逐渐推崇。
二
白居易真正“火”起来得益于在其后日本文坛所出现的三座“丰碑”。而这三座“丰碑”多少和白居易有着一定的联系。
首先是菅原道真,这位出生于白居易去世前一年的诗人,是日本历史上著名的“文学之神”。菅原道真是“学问之神”,纪念他的神社在日本各地林立,甚至今天在日本高考前,仍有诸多学子到纪念道真的天满宫中祈愿。他的汉诗对后世影响十分深刻。
他的生涯和白居易有许多类似之处,他早年受宇多天皇的重用,官至右大臣。在醍醐天皇时期,被左大臣藤原时平排斥,贬谪到九州,最后去世于贬所。和白居易同样有贬谪经历的菅原道真,在诗歌风格上也和白居易有很大的相似之处。他的《菅家文草》《菅家后集》和他岳父岛田忠臣的《田氏家集》被并誉为“白诗之花”,诗歌风格和白居易有许多相似之处。
举例来说:菅原道真写过《寒早十首》,这十首诗每句的开头都是“何人寒气早”,这在诗词中叫作“定格联章”。这《寒早十首》是仿效白居易的《春深二十首》而作,和白诗一样,首句固定,各诗连缀,主题统一,反复相奏,充满韵律感。
更有趣的是,菅原道真的《菅家文草》和白居易的《白氏文集》有着类似的体例。白居易在编撰自己的诗集时,在卷目后有加注,如卷一后注有“自此后诗,到江州作”,卷五后注有“自此后诗,为盩庢尉时作”,其后亦然。如此,白居易在编撰时将自己的诗文编年校次。而翻开《菅家文草》,我们发现菅原道真也在采用这样的方式,在卷一后注:“予始言诗故载篇首”,卷二后注:“自此以下百六首,吏部侍郎之作。”
而在诗歌中,菅原道真也仿效白居易和元稹为诗作自注的方式。白居易在诗题下往往会写注,说明本诗创作背景、创作时间、创作缘由等。如大家熟悉的《卖炭翁》,在诗题下就有一句注:“苦宫市也”。《琵琶行》这样的诗甚至还会有一个较长的“诗序”作注,而菅原道真亦然。而在此前嵯峨天皇“唐风”盛行时编撰的诗集中,基本没有这种为诗作自注的形式,可见其为菅原道真仿自元白并引入日本诗坛的风俗。
宽仁二年,日本编的《和汉朗咏集》收集历代的汉诗和和歌,其中收录汉诗最多的诗人是白居易,总共有139首诗收入在这本文学集成之作中。
第二座丰碑是平安时代的著名女作家紫式部创作的《源氏物语》。在这一部著作里,紫式部用了大量的白诗,有些是直接引用,有些是化用,有些是用典,有些是用其意境。
《源氏物语》的第一回《桐壶》,讲述了主人公光源氏的母亲桐壶更衣的故事,桐壶更衣“出身并不十分高贵,却蒙皇上特别宠爱”。因此,“民间怨声载道,认为此乃十分可忧之事将来难免闯出杨贵妃那样的滔天大祸来呢”。桐壶更衣的故事很容易让人联想到白居易《长恨歌》中描写的“万千宠爱在一身”的杨贵妃,何况作者还直接点出了杨贵妃的名字。此外,《源氏物语》中引用白诗比比皆是。在第六回《末摘花》中,光源氏吟诵过白居易的“幼者形不蔽,老者体无温”。而在《须磨》一回中,即将被流放的光源氏在途中想起了白居易的“三千里外远行人”的句子。他的遭遇也和江州司马时期的白居易相近。
《源氏物语》是日本“物哀”文学的启蒙之作,开创了日本文学的“もののあはれ”()之风,所谓的“もののあはれ”就是睹物而寄情,日本文学素来有见物而生情的传统,在《源氏物语》中频频出现的和歌就注重用一年四季的“风物”,如春日的樱花、盛夏的雨荷、深秋的红叶、隆冬的残雪来表达生命的短暂和人世的无常。这部对后世影响如此之大的作品对白居易却情有独钟,自然会对日本文学产生重大的影响。
在《源氏物语》那个时代,宫中许多女官也熟悉白居易的诗,这就不得不说说第三座丰碑——与紫式部同时代的女官清少纳言创作的随笔集《枕草子》了。《枕草子》卷十一第二六一段写了这样一个故事——
雪在落下,积得很高,这时与平常不同,仍旧将格子放下了,火炉里生了火,女官们都说着闲话。在中宫的御前侍候着。中宫说道:
“少纳言呀,香炉峰的雪怎么样呵?”我就叫人把格子架上,将御帘高高卷起。中宫看见笑了,大家都说道:
“这事谁都知道,也都记得歌里吟咏着的事,但是一时总想不起来,充当这中宫的女官,也要算你是最适宜了。”
读完这一段,很多人会丈二和尚摸不着头脑。中宫问清少纳言:“香炉峰的雪怎么样?”清少纳言为什么要做这样一个举动呢?这和诗歌里吟咏着的事又有什么关系呢?原来这里用的是一个白诗的典故“香炉峰雪拨帘看”。所以当中宫问到“香炉峰雪”,心领神会的清少纳言就把帘子卷起来了。值得注意的是,女官们都说:“这事谁都知道。”说明这个时候,宫中已经比較盛行白居易的诗了。
三
在这三座“丰碑”的影响下,白居易热在日本兴起。而这三座丰碑诞生的平安时代,白居易的人气就在不断增长中。兹举三例:
白居易写过三首《忆江南》词,其中两首脍炙人口:
“江南好,风景旧曾谙。日出江花红胜火,春来江水绿如蓝。能不忆江南?
江南忆,最忆是杭州。山寺月中寻桂子,郡亭枕上看潮头。何日更重游?”
而平安时代的兼明亲王写过两首《忆龟山》,也是化用白词:
“忆龟山,龟山久往还。南溪夜雨花开后,西岭秋风叶落间,岂不忆龟山。
忆龟山,龟山日月闲。冲山清景栈关远,要路红尘毁路斑,岂不忆龟山。”
是时刚在唐代兴起不久的填词,因为白居易的关系很快传播到了日本,而且还得到日本人的仿效。
第二例是平安时代著名的家族大江氏,大江氏的大江千古在延喜朝入宫侍读,传讲《白氏文集》,其子孙世代传《白氏文集》,为天皇侍读,到大江匡衡一代已达五代百年,可以说,是白居易带动了这个家族的兴盛。
第三例是日本文学中出现了“尚齿会”的习俗。尚齿会源自白居易于会昌五年举办的一次聚会。《白氏文集》卷七一中说:“胡、吉、郑、刘、卢、张六贤皆年多寿,予亦次焉。偶于弊居合成尚齿之会。”“尚齿”出自《庄子》“乡党尚齿,行事尚贤”,意指年高之人。在白居易举办这次“老人聚会”后,日本也蔚然成风。日本贞观十九年,大纳言南渊年名招集了大江音人、藤原冬绪等六人,效仿白居易等七人“命酒赋诗”。其后的安和二年,大纳言藤原在衡再度召集了一次尚齿会。这次尚齿会的诗歌也被比较完整地保留下来。这几次“尚齿会”都仿效白居易,参会者都是7人,会期都在3月,诗歌皆为六韵十二句,足见日本人对白居易的热爱。
到了江户时代后期的19世纪中叶,在变革时代风起云涌的前夜,一批主张学习西方的学者高野长英、小关三英、渡边华山等组织结社,共同研究从荷兰传入的“兰学”,而他们的结社名仍然命名为“尚齿会”。不得不说是白居易的影响经久不衰的一个例证。
A Glance into Bai Juyis Influence in Japan
By Chen Jie
The other day a friend asked me if Bai Juyi knew of his popularity in Japan. I pondered the question and realized the question comprised two sets of related questions. First group includes two questions: Did Bais poems reach Japan when he was alive? If yes, did Bai know? The second set basically covers two questions: Did Bais poems enjoy popularity in Japan? If yes, did Bai Juyi know?
We know for certain that Bai Juyi knew his poems were widely copied and read in Japan. Bai mentioned in an afterword to a collection of his poems in 845 that the collection didnt mark what poems of his were copied and read in Japan and Silla (a country on the Korea Peninsula) and other foreign countries. Bai passed away in 846. From this we can tentatively deduce that he knew.
But were his poems popular in Japan in his lifetime? It is said that Bai Juyis biggest fan in Japan was Emperor Saga (786-842). As an anecdote has it, the emperor one day showed a poem to Ono no Takamura (820-853), a scholar and poet who admired Bai Juyi very much. Ono no Takamura read the emperors poem and suggested that the poem would be better if one character was replaced by another character. The emperor laughed and said the poem was actually written by Bai Juyi. The emperor had changed one character in the poem. The replacement suggested by the scholar was the very character Bai Juyi used in the original poem. The emperor praised the scholar saying “your poetic talent is comparable to Bais”.
Another historical record mentions that a Japanese court official got promoted simply because he found a printed collection of Bai Juyis poems in a ship from the Tang and presented the copy to the emperor. This indicates that Bais poems were loved in Japan back then but not yet widely copied and read yet.
The reign of Emperor Saga was an era when the Tang was all the rage in Japan. The court nobles wrote poems in Chinese and Bai Juyis poems had a strong impact on Japanese literature. Bais reputation in Japan can be construed as follows: Bai strived to write poems that even old women would have no difficulty understanding. The style chimed with the Japanese aesthetics. Bai injected Zen into poetry and strived to bring belief into his writings, which, again, fitted well with the Japanese worldview. Bai wrote poems about sceneries and people and events he encountered, well integrating his own sentiments and emotions with what he experienced. This approach was compatible with “sorrow for objects”, a typical component of the Japanese culture. These characteristics endeared Bais poems to the elite and the public of Japan.
As Bais influence spread in Japan, poets and writers produced works that made Bais reputation spread further. Sugawara no Michizane (845-903), considered one of the greatest scholars and poets in all of Japanese history, was a fan of Bai Juyi. His shrines can still be seen today across Japan. His poems written in Chinese are still influential. His life story bears many resemblances with Bai Juyis and his poetic style shared some similarities with Bais poems. He imitated Bai Juyi in many ways. For example, he imitated Bais way of writing a set of poems with the same first line. While putting together a collection of his poems and essays, Sugawara no Michizane adopted a set of rules Bai used in compiling his collection. He added some postscripts and footnotes after every volume to clarify timelines and events. Also adopting Bais style, Sugawara no Michizane often wrote a brief preface for a poem, explaining why and when he wrote the poem. Before the time of Sugawara no Michizane, poetry collections published in Japan didnt have such forewords. This seems to suggest that it was Sugawara no Michizane that introduced this format to Japan.
In 1018, an influential anthology of Chinese and Japanese poems was published in Japan. Bais 139 poems were anthologized in this tome, outnumbering works by any other Chinese poet. This anthology further enhanced Bai in Japanese culture. Bai Juyis influence can also be seen in , a masterpiece of Japanese literature by Murasaki Shikibu. Written at the start of the 11th century, it is generally considered the worlds first novel. This novel quotes a lot of Bais poems directly. Some situations and conversations and descriptions in the novel are associated with Bais poems either explicitly or implicitly.
Numerous examples can be found in the history of Japanese culture for the prominent influences of Bai Juyi long after his lifetime. In the final analysis, in my opinion, it is not important whether Bai Juyi knew of his popularity in Japan. It is important to know his popularity lasts in Japan.