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冠状动脉非阻塞性心肌梗死的临床特征分析

2020-04-02罗群华黎明江王鑫杨政

中国医药导报 2020年5期
关键词:胸痛阻塞性心肌梗死

罗群华 黎明江 王鑫 杨政

[摘要] 目的 分析冠狀动脉非阻塞性心肌梗死(MINOCA)及冠状动脉阻塞性心肌梗死(MIOCA)患者的临床特征。 方法 随机入选2017年1月~2019年1月于武汉大学人民医院住院的急性心肌梗死患者445例,根据冠脉造影结果分为MINOCA组(89例)和MIOCA组(356例),比较两组一般资料、主诉症状特点、心电图表现等。结果 两组年龄、性别、冠心病史、肌钙蛋白I、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌红蛋白、氨基末端脑钠肽前体、左室射血分数、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组体重指数、高血压史、糖尿病史、高脂血症史、吸烟史、家族史、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、游离脂肪酸、空腹血糖、肌酐比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。MINOCA组胸痛伴放射痛发生率低于MIOCA组,含服硝酸甘油有效率高于MIOCA组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组胸闷、胸痛、症状出现时间<3 d比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。MINOCA组正常、T波改变发生率低于MIOCA组,ST段抬高、病理性Q波形成、完全性左束支传导阻滞发生率高于MIOCA组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组ST段压低≥0.05 mV、室性早搏、短阵室速、室性心动过速、室颤发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 临床上,MINOCA心肌酶指标、心功能、胸痛症状、心电图表现均较MIOCA轻,且两者在高危因素上除年龄外,其余并无明显差异。

[关键词] 冠状动脉非阻塞性心肌梗死;临床特征;胸痛

[中图分类号] R541.4          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2020)02(b)-0059-04

Analysis of clinical features in patients with myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery

LUO Qunhua   LI Mingjiang   WANG Xin   YANG Zheng

Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan   430060, China

[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical features of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery (MINOCA) and myocardial infarction with obstructive coronary artery (MIOCA). Methods A total of 445 patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2017 to January 2019 were randomly selected. According to the results of coronary angiography, they were divided into MINOCA group (89 cases) and MIOCA group (356 cases). The general data, the characteristics of the main complaints, and the electrocardiogram were compared between two groups. Results There were significant differences in age, sex, history of coronary heart disease, troponin I, creatine kinase isoenzyme, myoglobin, pro amino terminal brain natriuretic peptide, left ventricular ejection fraction and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol between two groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, family history, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, free fatty acids, fasting blood glucose and creatinine between two groups (P > 0.05). The incidence of chest pain and radiation pain in MINOCA group was lower than that in MIOCA group, and the effective rate of nitroglycerin in MINOCA group was higher than that in MIOCA group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between two groups in occurrence time of chest distress, chest pain and symptoms < 3 d (P > 0.05). The incidence of normal and T wave changes in MINOCA group was lower than that in MIOCA group, and the incidence of ST segment elevation, pathological Q wave formation and complete left bundle branch block in MINOCA group was higher than that in MIOCA group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between two groups in the incidence of ST segment depression ≥ 0.05 mV, ventricular premature beat, short array ventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (P > 0.05). Conclusion Clinically, MINOCA myocardial enzyme index, cardiac function, chest pain symptoms, and electrocardiogram performance are lighter than MIOCA, and there is no significant difference between two groups in terms of high risk factors except age.

[Key words] Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery; Clinical features; Chest pain

早期的冠状动脉造影研究显示,急性心肌梗死的犯罪血管几乎均为严重阻塞性狭窄,但随着冠脉造影的展开,人们发现,在大约10%的急性心肌梗死患者中[1],冠状动脉造影未见阻塞性疾病(定义为梗死相关动脉内径狭窄≥50%),学者们将这一综合征称为冠状动脉非阻塞性心肌梗死(MINOCA)[2-3]。MINOCA和冠状动脉阻塞性心肌梗死(MIOCA)作为急性心肌梗死的两种分型,在临床表现上因发病机制的不同,存在许多差异,比如在冠心病发病相关危险因素、临床表现及预后上均相差较大[4-5],但国内关于探讨MINOCA临床表现的临床研究尚少,因此,为探讨MINOCA与MIOCA的胸痛及其他临床表现差异,展开了本研究。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

随机入选2017年1月~2019年1月于武汉大学人民医院住院的急性心肌梗死患者共445例,根据冠脉造影结果分为MINOCA组(89例)和MIOCA组(356例),对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。急性心肌梗死诊断标准参考《第四版心肌梗死通用定义》[6]诊断。MINOCA的诊断标准参考2019年美国心脏协会发布的MINOCA诊断和管理声明[7]:①急性心肌梗死;②冠脉造影显示非阻塞性冠状动脉,任何主要的心外膜血管无≥50%的冠脉狭窄;③无其他引起该临床表现的替代诊断,包括但不限于肺栓塞、心肌炎、脓毒症等。排除标准:心肌炎、肺栓塞、脓毒血症的患者,以及患有慢性心力衰竭、严重心律失常、严重肝肾功能损害、近期外伤、自身免疫性疾病、恶性肿瘤等的患者。

1.2 临床资料收集

收集所有纳入患者的年龄、性别、高血压史、糖尿病史、高脂血症史、吸烟史、既往冠心病史以及家族史等基本信息。收集患者入院时主诉症状及症状出现时长、是否伴有放射痛、含服硝酸甘油片是否有效等;所有患者均需测量血压、身高、体重,于次日清晨空腹状态抽血检测血脂、游离脂肪酸、空腹血糖、肌酐、肌钙蛋白I、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌红蛋白以及氨基末端脑钠肽前体等;收集分析患者入院后的心电图、心脏彩超等。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 23.0软件进行数据的统计学处理。采用Shapiro-Wilk检验对计量资料进行正态性检验。符合正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验。计数资料采用χ2检验。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者基线资料比较

两组年龄、性别、冠心病史、肌钙蛋白I、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌红蛋白、氨基末端脑钠肽前体、左室射血分数、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组体重指数、高血压史、糖尿病史、高脂血症史、吸烟史、家族史、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、游离脂肪酸、空腹血糖、肌酐比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1。

2.2 两组患者胸痛特点比较

MINOCA组胸痛伴放射痛发生率低于MIOCA组,含服硝酸甘油有效率高于MIOCA组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组胸闷、胸痛、症状出现时间< 3 d比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2。

2.3 两组患者心电图表现比较

MINOCA组正常、T波改变发生率低于MIOCA组,ST段抬高、病理性Q波形成、完全性左束支传导阻滞发生率高于MIOCA组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组ST段压低≥0.05 mV、室性早搏、短阵室速、室性心动过速、室颤发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表3。

3 讨论

与MIOCA不同,MINOCA的发病机制涉及两个部分[7]:动脉粥样硬化病因和非动脉粥样硬化病因,发病原因的多样及各机制发生率的不同,使MINOCA的临床表现与MIOCA出现差别[8]。本研究严格按照2019年美国心脏协会发布的诊断标准,针对MINOCA的临床表现,并进行探讨。

研究报道,MINOCA占所有急性心肌梗死病例的5%~6%[9],但是所纳入的人群不同,发生率在5%~15%波动[10-11]。本研究随机纳入的445例患者中,MINOCA有89例,占比为20%,比国外数据偏大,正说明MINOCA的发生率可能在不同地区、不同种族上有所不同[12]。研究表明,MINOCA患者通常比MIOCA患者更年轻。一项大型系统评价结果显示,MINOCA患者的平均年龄为58岁,而MIOCA患者的平均年龄为61岁[9],且女性在MINOCA中占有的比例明显较高[13]。在本研究中,MINOCA患者的平均年齡为54岁,而MIOCA患者的平均年龄为63岁,两者差异有统计学意义;性别上,MINOCA组的女性患者明显较MIOCA组多,结果与既往研究无甚相差。在传统冠心病危险因素上,本研究显示,MINOCA组与MIOCA组在高血压病、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟史上并无差异。不过有研究显示,与MIOCA患者相比,MINOCA患者的血脂异常患病率较低[2];其他如高血压病、糖尿病、吸烟史和心肌梗死家族史的比例也较低[14],但不同研究的观察结果并不一致。尽管在危险因素上无明显一致性,但是本研究中,MINOCA组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平明显高于MIOCA组,而其对血管具有保护作用,这与MINOCA患者的血脂异常患病率较低的认识一致。

在主诉症状上,本研究显示,MINOCA与MIOCA表现为胸闷、胸痛并无明显差异,但MINOCA更少伴有放射痛,且含服硝酸甘油明显有效。国外一项对1210例患者的研究分析[15]也显示,MINOCA的胸痛患病率较低。这也与MINOCA发病机制中,冠脉痉挛占46%有很大关系[16]。实验检查数据上,本研究显示,MINOCA患者的超敏肌钙蛋白I、肌酸激酶同工酶、肌红蛋白均较MIOCA组明显低,而且心功能损伤(脑钠肽升高、左室射血分数下降)也比MIOCA要小的多。本研究心电图结果显示,相较于MIOCA组,MINOCA组出现T波改变更为常见,而出现ST段抬高的比例要比MIOCA组低的多。也有研究表示,部分MINOCA患者的心电图可见ST段抬高,但出现ST段抬高的可能性低于MIOCA患者[17],肌钙蛋白水平升高的幅度也较低[18]。

本研究納入的病例数较少,未能发现MINOCA组发生恶性心律失常较MIOCA组明显要低,仅在发生完全性左束支传导阻滞方面有差异。且已有大量临床研究证实[19-20],在近期及远期预后上,MINOCA组明显较MIOCA组要好,本研究未就此进一步探讨,后续可继续进行病例追踪。

目前临床上对于MINOCA的管理,循证文献非常有限,迄今为止尚未进行前瞻性随机对照试验,对于MINOCA的进一步了解还需要不断地探索研究。

[参考文献]

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(收稿日期:2019-07-17  本文编辑:李亚聪)

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