基于学科育人理念的高中英语阅读教学探析
——以一堂公开课为例
2020-02-22张先捷
张先捷
引言
《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》提出,落实立德树人根本任务,发展英语学科核心素养,是普通高中英语课程的基本理念之一(教育部2018)。学科核心素养的提出,改变了英语学科人文养成性价值被忽略的现状(卜玉华2006),使得英语学科的育人价值得以明确,为变革教师的教学方式与教学内容奠定了基础。为了实现英语学科育人价值效应的最大化,教师需从德育、智育、美育三个方面体现英语学科的育人功能(赵连杰2017)。
阅读是语言与思维交互作用的过程。英语阅读文本蕴含着丰富的德育、智育和美育资源。教师带领学生研习英语阅读材料,能帮助学生提升语言能力,塑造健全的人格,提升思维品质,培养跨文化意识,从而促进学生的全面发展。
一、英语学科的育人价值
英语智育英语德育、英语美育是实现英语学科育人价值的三个重要方面,英语教学过程即三者协调发展的过程(段依2017)。文旭和夏云(2014)指出,外语教育要实施“全人教育”理念,把德、智、体、美、劳、心统一在外语教学活动之中,教单科(外语),育全人。
英语德育不是简单的“英语+德育”,而是在英语教学中有效融入德育。通过深入挖掘西方优秀思想文化中的德育资源,探究主题意义、挖掘文化内涵,对学生进行爱国主义教育、情感态度教育、意志品格教育,引导他们汲取国外优秀文化之精华,培养跨文化交际能力,拓宽国际视野,增强民族自信,从而形成正确的情感、态度、价值观。
作为一门开启学生心智的学科(刘道义2015),英语智育与发展学生英语学科核心素养的目标不谋而合。思维品质作为英语学科核心素养的关键要素之一,突出人思维的个性特征,强调与英语学习紧密相关的思维发展,如借助英语形成新的概念,从不同角度分析和解决问题,形成自己独立的思想,加深对世界的认知(高洪德2016)。在英语教学过程中充分关注学生的思维,发挥英语智育功能,挑战学生认知,可以促进学生形成逻辑思维、批判性思维、概念建构、时空判断、比较与分析、信息记忆与转换等十种思维能力(程晓堂2015)。
除了德育与智育,英语美育也有着得天独厚的育人优势。在教学内容上,英语涵盖西方国家丰富的人文资源,能够让学生通过鉴赏与品味英语材料,感受其中的主题美与意蕴美;在语言形式上,英语有着丰富的语音语调和严谨的句法系统,具有语言的韵律美与逻辑美(赵连杰2017)。英语学科的美育价值体现在英语教学的多个方面,如教师自身、教学氛围、教学内容、教学设计等(董曼霞2010)。
二、基于学科育人理念的高中英语阅读教学案例
为了充分发挥英语学科的育人优势,改进阅读教学,本文以一堂公开课为例,探讨如何在高中英语阅读教学中有效融入英语德育、英语智育、英语美育的学科育人理念。
(一)基于英语德育理念,精心选择阅读素材
英语阅读素材的选择是发挥英语学科育人优势、融入英语德育的前提。因此,在选择阅读素材时,教师应考虑学生的年龄特征和理解能力,确保所选素材贴近学生的生活实际,能更好地激发学生的学习兴趣,吸引学生的注意力(胡倩、王明歌2016)。
考虑到本堂课的教学对象是高中二年级学生,其英语水平处于中等水平,具备一定的听、说、读、写能力,能较好地表达自己的观点与看法,对话题“亲情”较为熟悉,也存在亲子交流的困惑,于是选取A Goodbye Kiss和Love can last forever两篇经典英语散文作为阅读素材。两篇阅读文本的内容分别围绕反映父爱如山和母女情深的故事展开,文笔优美,饱含深情,能引起学生的共鸣。在充分挖掘文本德育价值的基础上,教师将“珍惜此刻(Cherish the moment)”定为本堂阅读课的主题。
在阅读文本前,教师以设计热身小游戏的方式创设情境,导入话题。游戏采用问答形式展开。针对不同问题,教师引导学生根据自身实际,通过选择站立或坐下的方式参与互动。在游戏结束后,教师对学生与父母的相处现状进行总结。
T:During the past seventeen years,we spent most of our time with our parents.But how much do we know about our parents?Let’s play a small game.Please stand up.Here are four questions.For each question,if your answer is“Yes”,please remain standing up;if you choose“No”,please sit down.
1.Do you know your parents’birthday?
A.Yes B.No
2.Do you prepare a present for them on that day?
A.Yes B.No
3.Do you have a group photo with your parents in your cell phone?
A.Yes B.No
4.Do you often hug your parents and say“I love you”to them?
A.Yes B.No
T:After four questions,there are still two students standing up.Let’s give them a big hand.How about the rest of us?Can you tell me why you didn’t hug your parents?Awkward?Today,after reading the two passages,maybe you’ll change your mind.
【设计说明】利用热身游戏还原真实的生活情景,引导学生反思与父母相处的现状及亲子交流存在的问题。游戏结束后,通过进一步追问,旨在渲染情感氛围,为启发学生阅读文本、进行英语智育作好铺垫。
(二)基于英语智育理念,巧妙设计阅读任务
阅读任务的设计是培养思维品质、进行英语智育的关键。在英语阅读教学中,教师可设计多种学习任务来培养学生的思维品质。通过分析文章类型与结构,帮助学生发展表达思想的逻辑模式;通过阅读构建新的概念;培养学生梳理信息、归纳观点的能力等(高洪德2016)。
在设计教学任务时,教师由浅入深,引导学生快速找出故事中的时间、地点、人物、情节,进而分析故事的起承转合。通过层层设问,引导学生理清故事的基本要素、把握情节发展脉络、关注人物的情感变化、梳理文本信息、进行归纳判断、表达自身看法,训练学生思维的逻辑性、系统性与深刻性。
T:Please read Passage One quickly and find out the elements of the first story:
1.Who are the characters in the story?
2.When does the story happen?
3.Where does the story happen?
4.How does the story develop?
【设计说明】引导学生找出第一个故事的时间、地点、人物、情节四个要素,帮助他们快速领会文本大意,为分析故事情节作铺垫。
T:To answer the fourth question,let’s read the story in detail.Concerning how the story develops,usually we are talking about the plot of the story,involving:Beginning,Development,Twist and Ending.
·Beginning
T:At the beginning of the story,how did the father drive him to school?Here are two T or F statement questions,please first read it.If it is false,correct it.
1.The boy shrank down into the seat because the truck his father drove was too old.
2.The truck his father drove was specially used for driving him to school.
·Development
T:After driving the son to school,the father kissed the boy as usual.How did the father kiss the boy?And how did the boy feel?Please fill in the blanks below.
When the father______over and gave the boy a goodbye kiss on the______,the boy felt very______.He was unwilling to accept the big kiss because he didn’t want his schoolmates to______his father kissing him goodbye.He thought he had______up into a man rather than a boy.
·Twist
T:What would a man react to his father’s goodbye kiss?Accept it?Or refuse it?When the boy said“No”to his father,what was the father’s first reaction?
1.What was the father’s first reaction when the son refused his goodbye kiss?
A.Ashamed. B.Sad.
C.Embarrassed. D.Surprised.
2.Why did the father start to cry?
A.Because he was moved by his son’s independence.
B.Because he was proud that his son had become a man.
C.Because he was sad as his son refused his goodbye kiss.
D.Because he was helpless since he couldn’t kiss his son any more.
·Ending
T:The father said“I wouldn’t kiss you any more.”So the boy missed his father’s kiss this time,and actually the boy missed his father’s kiss forever.What happened to the father?How did the son feel?Please summarize the ending.
【设计说明】采用略读与精读相结合的阅读策略,带领学生逐一梳理第一个故事发展的四个阶段,通过设计判断正误、文段填空、多项选择和问答等阅读任务,引导学生梳理文本信息,进行分析与归纳、概括与整合、推理与判断等思维活动,启发他们思考故事悲剧产生的原因。
T:If the boy had accepted his father’s goodbye kiss,he would not be so regretful now.In our life,some people did quite well,just like the daughter in the second passage.What happened?Let’s read the second passage“Love can last forever”.
待分析完第一篇文本后,教师引导学生理清第二个故事的发展脉络和起承转合。
T:To figure out the plot of Passage Two,we will still follow the pattern,that is,Beginning,Development,Twist and Ending.Please read the passage quickly and find out the answer to the following questions.
1.Why does the author say that“It was the best of times and the worst of times”?
2.What happened to the mother a few days before the author’s due date?
3.What happened to the mother when the author’s labour started?
4.How was the mother when the author came from hospital with her new baby?
【设计说明】带领学生运用泛读策略,厘清第二个故事的情节发展脉络和人物情感变化轨迹,引导其深入思考“母亲为何能从昏迷中苏醒”及“女儿为母亲做了什么”,进一步培养他们思维的准确性与系统性。
T:What brought the mother back to life from the first deep coma?How did the daughter show her love for her mother?Can you summarize what the author had done for her mother at that moment?
·bring mother home to her own bed
·keep mother comfortable with care
·...
【设计说明】通过问答,让学生对比两个文本中作者对父母的不同态度。在总结提炼、比较异同的基础上,升华文本主旨。
(三)基于英语美育理念,深入挖掘阅读主题
阅读主题的挖掘是塑造文化品格、进行英语美育的重要环节。本堂课的阅读素材为两篇经典英文散文,既体现了英语教学内容的主题美,又体现了英语语言形式的逻辑美。
为深入挖掘本堂课的美育资源,教师向学生展示了4幅图片,凸显“在我们人生的重要时刻,父母始终默默陪伴”的主题。通过运用一系列以“The moment when...”为开头的排比句,层层渲染,引导学生进一步思考“作为儿女,我们是否珍惜了与父母相处的每一段时光?”
T:To regret?Or to cherish?Two stories have different endings just because the son and the daughter did quite differently concerning the issue.How about ourselves?
T:The moment when we were born,our parents held us with great joy;the moment when we achieve high grades,our parents feel proud of us;the moment when we get married,father will give us his best wishes;the moment when we have our all children,mother will share our great happiness.At every important moment in our life,our parents are always there.When they need us most,what have we done for them?
【设计说明】深入挖掘阅读文本的主题,旨在为学生分享与父母相处中存在的遗憾作情感铺垫。在组织课堂语言时,教师充分利用英语教学的美育理念,围绕主题词“the moment”,采用4个排比句,升华主旨,凸显英语的主题美与韵律美。
为启发学生积极思考成年之后如何为家庭承担更多的责任,教师引导学生跳出文本,分享自己的故事。待故事分享结束,教师总结学生发言,引导他们观看中央电视台的英文公益广告——“Family”。
T:Thank you for sharing your stories with us.Now we are seventeen years old.One year later,we will grow up into an adult.At that time,what can we do for them?Here is a short video,let’s enjoy it to find out the answer.
T:After watching this video,we know that our parents have done a lot of things for us.As time goes by,it is high time that we committed ourselves to taking care of the family.And the whole meaning of FAMILY is“father and mother I love you”.
【设计说明】通过话题讨论与故事分享,将阅读内容与学生的生活实际相结合,促进师生、生生之间的进一步互动。以视频为载体,通过让学生观看公益广告,深入挖掘阅读主题。从文本信息的细节处理到个人观点的完整呈现,对学生的思维层次提出了更高要求,拓展了学生思维的系统性与深刻性。与此同时,启发学生要有责任感与担当,在成年之后学会照顾父母,为家庭贡献自己的力量。
最后,教师带领学生齐读一首原创小诗,升华本堂课的主题。
T:At the end of this class,I’d like to share with you a small poem.Let’s appreciate it together.
Life is too short to wake up with regrets.Cherish every moment with our dear parents.Accompany them at every stage of our journey.Express our love before it becomes a memory.
【设计说明】在创作诗歌时,教师充分考虑到英语诗歌的节奏韵律,旨在让学生体味英语诗歌的意蕴美。通过集体欣赏这首以“珍惜此刻”为主题的小诗,对学生进行美育和德育,让学生学会珍惜当下,珍惜父母的关爱,不要吝啬于表达自己对父母的爱。
课后,教师让学生完成150词的作文,分享与父母相处过程中的遗憾。
T:Please write an article with the title Cherish the moment in about 150 words.You should:
1.Describe the moment they should have cherished with their parents in the past.
2.Write down how they will cherish the moment with their parents now(at least three points).
【设计说明】将英语德育、英语智育与英语美育由课堂延伸到课外。通过让学生课后完成话题写作,引导其将思想化作行动,在语言运用中体验英语的形式美与主题美,与此同时,引导其树立正确的家庭观,勇于承担家庭责任。
结束语
英语不仅是一门工具性学科,还蕴藏着丰富的学科育人价值。英语学科在德育、智育、美育等方面的育人功能应体现在英语教学实践中。在高中英语阅读教学中,教师应充分挖掘阅读文本中潜在的智育、德育与美育资源,在教学的各个环节有意识地融入学科育人理念。首先,教师应结合高中学生的心理发展特点,精选英语阅读文本,如寓言故事、经典英文短篇小说、诗歌、散文的精彩片段,从中汲取优秀的智育、德育与美育资源。其次,教师应基于文本,创造性地进行教学设计,引导学生厘清故事情节的发展脉络与人物心理变化轨迹,有效进行任务训练,培养学生思维的逻辑性、准确性与深刻性。最后,教师应引导学生关注英语语言的形式美与内容美,尊重学生个性,因材施教,培养学生的英语学科核心素养,真正落实立德树人根本任务。