Journal of Japanese Invasion ofChina and Nanjing Massacre

No.3, 2019

1.SpaceGenerationandProduction:FromNanjingMassacretotheMemorialHalloftheVictimsinNanjingMassacrebyJapaneseInvaders

ZhangSheng(4)

Space being political is a place for political confrontation. Nanjing Masssacre was generated in the specific space during the Japanese militarism and aggression against China. Behind the massacre of civilians and Chinese soldiers who laid down their weapons, it was the conspiracy of Japanese imperialism to establish its colonial rule. However, the space is multi-layered. In the space of Nanjing Massacre, foreign nationals produced partially the space with the enormous value of humanitarianism and worldwide significance. Under the background of the postwar Japanese right-wingers efforts of glossing over the war of aggression and denying the historical facts of Nanjing Massacre, the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders carried out a space reproduction based on the historical heritage, to express the Chinese people's memory of war and the concept of peace. Space, however, is not completely “passive”, it also grows itselef after being produced, and gradually acquires the ability to express and recount according to its own logic.

2.FalseInformationConstructionunderthePathofNationalIdentity:FumikoHayashi’sNarrationofNanjingMassacre

ZengTingtingZhouYifu(17)

Fumiko Hayashi was the first and the only Japanese female writer who arrived in Nanjing and witnessed Nanjing Massacre. The context of war had enabled her to transcend the barriers of life and overstep the low gender status.The novelYellowCranehas facilitated her to turn the personal narrative to the national narrative. While embedding her meditation of historical myths in Japanese national Shinto into the writing of Nanjing, she spontaneously completed the psychological path of national identity, and then further constructed a false information model in a mournful, delicate and rich literary text through a series of replacements. Today, it even has become a tool for some individual voices to deny Nanjing Massacre. The historical analysis should replace the superficial subjective reading, and the internal national identity cannot be compared with abduction of the external power. It should serve as a “window” to see how Nanjing Massacre lost its possibility of being memorized by the Japanese people.

3.ConfinementandSurveillance:TheLyttonCommissionandWesternJournalists’SecretInterviewofMaZhanshan

WangXiliang(28)

After the Mukden Incident, the ROC Government resorted to the League of Nations for mediation. The League of Nations passed a resolution demanding Japan to withdraw troops, which was rejected by Japan, however, and then the Lytton Commission was dispatched to conduct an inquiry in Japan and China. After entering the Northeast, the Commission was under surveillance at all levels by the army, police, military policemen and secret service of the Japanese puppet regime, and they were banned from contacting people from all circles in the Northeast, and even their meeting with Ma Zhanshan was obstructed. Under this background, two Western journalists secretly interviewed Ma Zhanshan with the help of some Chinese, and obtained some precious materials that reflected Northeasterners’ will of anti-Japanese and anti-manchu . However, when returning , they were immediately arrested and searched by the Japanese puppet regime, and their interview records as well as personal belongings were even rudely confiscated, triggering a certain disturbance.

4.PreparationofChineseTranslatorsintheJapaneseArmybeforeandduringtheFirstSino-JapaneseWar

KouZhenfeng(37)

Before the first Sino-Japanese War, in addition to train Chinese translators by themselves, the Japanese army also made full use of the resources of Japanese civilian schools as well as Chinese language teaching resources in China to train Chinese translators and some “China Hands” for the first Sino-Japanese War. However, with the outbreak of the first Sino-Japanese War, the number of Chinese translators still failed to meet the demands. The Japanese army therefore was forced to urgently authorize Kyushu College to train Chinese translators through speed-up courses as an emergency measure.The Chinese translators prepared by the military participated in the entire process of the war and played an important role.

5.“ManifestationofMartyrs”:ObservingtheJapaneseWarMobilizationfromtheNewlyFound“KurahashiManuscripts”

RuiZhaokaiWangChuan(47)

In the later part of WWII, the Japanese government promoted activities of offering sacrifices and manifestations for the “spirits of the sacrificed martyrs for the Mikado” in Japan proper and the northeast of China. Such activities played a role in promoting the rationality of the war and encouraging the people to participate in the war. Based on the newly found “Kurahashi Manuscripts” and the historical documents of Japanese archives, this article shows that while enslaving the minds of Chinese people, Japan also carried out the spiritual mobilization and rule over the Japanese people through “offering sacrifices to martyrs” and influencing the bereaved families, in an attempt of militarizing the whole nation and serving the Greater East Asian War.

6.“Support”or“Control”:TheJapaneseInvolvementintheCivilEngineeringIndustryduringtheOccupationofNorthChina

XuHao(54)

After the fall of North China, Japan actively involved in the civil engineering industry of the occupied area out of the consideration of the economic, political and other interests. As the main strategy and method of intervening in the civil engineering industry, the Japanese government sent staff of civil engineering to China under the cover of the “technical support” . During the occupation, a large number of Japanese staff of civil engineering with rich experiences were sent to North China. Most of them had close ties with Japanese officials, and their minds were highly consistent with the Japanese government. For Japanese staff employed by the puppet regime of North China, Japanese authorities made a policy of assigning Japanese nationals to important technical positions while placing Chinese to non-core positions . In this way, the Japanese government realized the intervention and control of the civil engineering in North China in terms of organization and personnel administration, which exposed the colonial nature of Japan's involvement in the civil engineering industry in North China.

7.The“Enclave”oftheImperialMedicalCare:The1942CholeraEpidemicsinChineseControlledDistrictsinShanghaiandWangJingwei’sPuppetMunicipalGovernment’sResponse

GaoFei(64)

During the Japanese occupation, the mandatory wartime epidemic prevention system implemented in Shanghai was the epitome of the transplantation of Japanese Imperial medical care. In 1942, due to the extreme summer climate and the return of overseas Chinese after the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Chinese-controlled districts of Shanghai encountered a rampant cholera epidemic. To prevent and control the epidemic, Wang Jingwei’s puppet municipal governments carried out a large-scale mandatory vaccine injection. The people of the Chinese community initially held a negative attitude or tried to avoid the injection. However, with the spread of the epidemic, the epidemic prevention methods with the imperial medical care system characteristic were strongly involved. The certificates of vaccine injection issued by Wang Jingwei’s puppet municipal government were tied to the high-handed policy of economic and traffic control and the public had to accept the injections “positively” . Unfortunately, the “fake Certificates”, “staff of the puppet government’s meddling ” and “underground market” existed for a long time, showing that there were still many limitation and loopholes in its epidemic prevention policy. The transplantation of the imperial medical care seem to have a depressing end with the defeat of Japan, but it actually had a profound impact as a form of “heritage” on the epidemic prevention of the postwar Nationalist Government.

8.StudiesoftheBritishandAmericanAcademiaontheHistoryofCPC’sResistanceBaseAreasagainstJapaneseAggression

LiuBensen(79)

For more than 80 years, the studies on the history of the CPC’s resistance base areas against Japanese aggression in the British and American academia has been roughly “parabolic”, which generally has gone through five stages: the relevant research emerged during the war of resistance with a great number of witnesses who wrote articles and books to praise highly the CPC; the research officially started in 1950s and 1960s, researchers were keen to explain the success of the CPC with “grand theories”; it reached a high tide in 1970s and 1980s, attaching importance to the empirical research and “local studies” on various bases; the studies had weakened by 1990s with the highly-capable research teams devoted to the in-depth research, and the research theme was microscopic and decentralized; it continued to grow in the 21st century with the characteristics of local studies and decentralization as well as the rise again of the study of the revolutionary history. Over the past 80 years, the most prominent feature of the study in the British and American academia on the history of the resistance base areas against Japanese aggression has been the shift from the research of “grand theory” with grand narratives to the “local studies” of empirical investigation. As far as its research prospects are concerned.

9.WomenMobilizationandNationalSalvationinSoutheasternChinaduringtheTotalWarofResistanceagainstJapan

YouHaihuaYePanhong(102)

During the total war of resistance against Japan, Southeast China is a relatively independent resistance area, which includes KMT-controlled adjoining areas of Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Anhui and Zhejiang.There were women’s organizations in the KMT system such as the Committee for Women’s Movement and the Women Association, and the Jiangxi Provincial Women’s Guidance Office within the government system. Also, there were semi-official organizations such as General Council of Chinese Women for Consolation of Self-defence and Resistance Soldiers, the National Association for Wartime Refugee Children, the Southern Provicincial Branches of Women’s Steering Committee of the General Association for the New Life Movement Promotion, and many other women’s folk organizations. Women from all walks of life had been mobilized to a certain extent by carrying out some mobilization for resistance against Japan and salvation in terms of recruitment, consolation, propaganda and education, production, training, joining the army, etc. It not only assisted both government and the military’s resistance against Japanese in the southeastern frontlines, but also enhanced the social stability of that region, contributing its own part to the ultimate victory of the national war of resistance. The organization and mobilization of the people in the southeastern region did have some defects, however, they were not entirely inactive.

10.EconomicSalvation&SocialChange:SichuanIndustrialCooperationduringtheTotalWarofResistanceagainstJapan

ZhouDiPanXun(116)

During the total war of resistance against Japan, when the Japanese army intensified the military blockade and the domestic economic situation was rapidly changing , the war of resistance became an important driving force to accelerate the changes in the internal production of Chinese society. The industrial cooperation movement during this period was economic salvation by means of mobilizing and organizing the production under the special circumstnces. The wartime industrial cooperation in Sichuan was a crucial part of the economic salvation in the rear area of Chinese war of resistance. Also, it was an inevitable outcome for the national government and all sectors of the society to develop the resources in the rear area to support the protracted war of resistance.The good performance of Sichuan “Gonghe”(Industrial Cooperation) in both production and sales not only served the needs of resistance and national salvation, but also promoted the local economic development . Its welfare policy benefited the urban and rural construcitons while the educational training enabled its members to change their concepts and raised the awareness of national salvation and resistance against the Japanese invation. As a model of wartime production mobilization and development of rural handicraft industry, the industrial cooperation still has certain positive use for reference to today’s economic development in both thoughts and practice.

11.“SpaceofSound”:TheRadioDramasoftheKMTCentralRadioStationforNationalSalvationontheeveoftheTotalWarofResistanceagainstJapan(1935-1937)

MaRui(126)

Radio drama, a type of drama to be broadcast through the radio stations, was a new artistic form emerged with the radio broadcast. The same is true to the radio dramas during the period of the Republic of China. With the aggravated national crisis , a great number of literary works had emerged since 1930s. Apart from the well-known songs, dramas and literature, there were quite a few radio dramas addressing concerns and calling on the national salvation, which were well received by the audience. On the eve of the total war of resistance against Japan, the KMT Central Radio Station continuously broadcast the radio dramas characterized by the national salvation and resistance. It reflected not only the wartime public sentiment, but also the fact that the KMT used the broadcast media to publicize national salvation at the time of national crisis , which coordinated with their strategy towards Japan and unified the public will by constructing a space of sound in the special era.

【English abstracts translated by Cai Dandan】