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根治性前列腺切除术在转移性前列腺癌患者中的研究进展

2019-11-19张崇剑白宇

中国医药导报 2019年27期
关键词:肿瘤学根治性转移性

张崇剑 白宇

[摘要] 根治性前列腺切除术一直是早期前列腺癌的主要治疗方法,而转移性前列腺癌(mPCa)大多采用内分泌治疗等保守治疗方式。近年来,随着对疾病机制的深入认识和手术技术的不断进步,手术对于mPCa的治疗作用逐渐被某些学者认可,现通过分析临床、生物学基础等方面的研究,系统综述根治性前列腺切除术在mPCa患者中的研究现况及对未来的研究展望。

[关键词] 根治性前列腺切除术;转移性前列腺癌;减瘤性根治性前列腺切除术

[中图分类号] R737.25          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)09(c)-0053-03

Research progress of radical prostatectomy in patients with metastatic prostate cancer

ZHANG Chongjian1   BAI Yu2

1.Graduate School, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, Kunming   650100, China; 2.Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, Kunming   650100, China

[Abstract] Radical prostatectomy has always been the main treatment for early prostate cancer. For metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa), most conservative treatments such as endocrine therapy are used. In recent years, with the deep understanding of the mechanism of prostate cancer and the continuous advancement of surgical techniques, the role of surgery in mPCa has gradually been recognized by some scholars. It is now systematically reviewed that the current status of prostatectomy in patients with mPCa through clinical research analysis and basic biological research, and prospects for future research.

[Key words] Radical prostatectomy; Metastatic prostate cancer;Cytoreductive radical prostatectomy

前列腺癌是欧美地区男性最严重的癌症之一,是导致死亡的主要原因[1],其发病率和死亡率常年位居男性恶性实体肿瘤的前三位[2]。2015年中国肿瘤登记年报数据显示,前列腺癌是我国男性癌症发病率升高的6种癌症之一,位居全国十大恶性肿瘤第9位及男性恶性肿瘤第6位[3]。前列腺癌的治疗方式至关重要,外科治疗是前列腺癌最有效的治疗方式之一,而转移性前列腺癌(metastatic prostate cancer,mPCa)的外科治疗则包括根治性前列腺切除术及盆腔淋巴结切除术等[4]。

根治性前列腺切除术(radical prostatectomy,RP)用于mPCa的目的可能是预防局部并发症的发生,延长总生存期(OS)[5]。通过区域癌症登记处[6]、多机构数据库[7-8]、单一病例对照研究[9-10]等多数据分析,研究RP对转移性男性疾病的影响。

1 临床研究分析

1.1 淋巴结转移相关性前列腺癌

Culp等[7]对8185例mPCa患者进行分析,其中245例(3%)接受RP,中位随访时间为16个月。结果发现RP患者存活率显著增高,且与非手术的mPCa患者比較,接受RP的mPCa患者具有更高的OS和疾病特异性生存(DSS)率。瑞典的一项研究也发现RP显著增高mPCa患者的OS[11]。Sooriakumaran等[12]回顾性分析了106例来自美国、德国、意大利及瑞典6家医疗中心的根治性前列腺癌切除术患者的数据,发现80%以上的男性术后无手术并发症,同时也并未增加mPCa患者并发症的发生。临床研究同时发现,RP联合早期辅助内分泌治疗伴淋巴结转移的前列腺癌患者10年癌症特异性生存(CSS)率达80%[13],且对于后续治疗来说,前列腺癌患者实施RP可有效改善CSS和OS[14]。越来越多的证据显示,RP和延长的盆腔淋巴结清扫术(包括髂总动脉)可以改善伴淋巴结转移的前列腺癌患者的生存率[1]。

1.2 骨转移相关性前列腺癌

Gratzke等[6]对慕尼黑癌症登记中心关于前列腺癌骨转移患者的数据分析发现,非手术患者与RP患者5年OS率分别为21%、55%。Gandaglia等[9]在研究中报道了高度选择的骨转移患者RP的围术期和肿瘤学结果,该结果支持RP在骨转移情况下的安全性。荟萃分析也发现,RP与OS、肿瘤特异性死亡率(CSM)显著降低有关[15]。

1.3 減瘤性根治性前列腺切除术

2012年有学者在国际上首先提出前列腺癌减瘤的概念,发现接受减瘤性经尿道前列腺电切术的患者PSA和去势抵抗性前列腺癌(castration resistant prostate cancer,CRPC)的发生风险更低,OS延长,CSS率提前[16]。随着手术技术和手术分期的进展,mPCa患者的细胞减灭术可能发挥作用[1]。Steuber等[17]在减瘤性根治性前列腺切除术(cytoreductive radical prostatectomy,CRP)生存获益的研究设计中发现,无论是多机构数据库分析还是单一病例对照研究,CRP在转移性患者降低局部并发症发生率方面有潜在益处。张凯等[4]在《中国前列腺癌外科治疗专家共识》中提出,对于合并骨转移的患者,术前需仔细评估患者的病况及CRP的安全性,结合持续的雄激素剥夺治疗(androgen deprivation treatment,ADT)和辅助放疗,可以很好地控制病情进展。局部治疗转移性前列腺癌前瞻性研究的数据提示,CRP组的总生存率和CSS率高于标准护理组[18]。

1.4 局部前列腺消融术

Natarajan等[19]认为对于有中度风险前列腺癌的患者,局灶激光消融可行且安全,术后6个月无严重不良事件、尿功能或性功能变化的发生,但对于转移性患者来说,该疗法暂无相关研究[20]。故低风险前列腺癌的管理可以从主动监测(AS)到局灶消融治疗到RP,而高风险前列腺癌的管理则应考虑包括RP在内的多模式治疗[21]。

1.5 其他治疗方式

Peacock等[22]对6028例前列腺癌患者RP、外照射放射治疗(external beam radiotherapy,EBRT)、近距离放射治疗(brachytherapy,BT)的比较分析发现,RP患者的10年前列腺癌特异性存活(prostate cancer special survival,PCSS)率为98%,EBRT为95%,BT为98%。且接受RP治疗的患者10年无事件生存率为79%,总生存率为87%,与EBR比较,PCSS有所改善[23]。

2 生物学基础研究分析

为更好地了解原发肿瘤的发生发展,以生物学基础为假说的研究一直在持续进行,以期对原发肿瘤的治疗起到促进作用。

2.1 “种子与土壤”假说

英国医生佩吉特提出“种子与土壤”的假说,该假说认为肿瘤的转移会受到微环境相互作用的影响。传播的癌细胞(种子)在由原发肿瘤分泌的造血与其他因素共同作用而成的微环境(土壤)中植入生长并形成转移。有研究者认为,有针对播散种子和转移性土壤的早期干预措施,可能改善晚期恶性肿瘤患者的预后[24]。所以对于mPCa患者,RP可能是播散种子及转移性土壤早期干预的有效措施。

2.2 原发病灶切除理论

有研究认为切除前列腺可以减少循环肿瘤细胞的数量[7];同时临床前研究也提示,原发病灶切除可以消除促转移细胞扩散的细胞因子,减轻肿瘤负担[25-26]。该层面的证据以及受其他疾病的转移性患者的观察结果使RP可能在mPCa患者的肿瘤学方面获益[25]。

3 展望

在近几年的研究中,无论是RP还是CRP都多次被证实其在技术上的可行性和安全性,但RP在mPCa的肿瘤学方面研究相对欠缺,且与国内的临床症状、研究标准、医疗环境存在差异[1-2]。

近年来,国际及国内对于mPCa采用RP治疗仍存在较多争议,而国内在该领域的手术治疗、内分泌治疗、靶向治疗、放射治疗、基因治疗、微创技术等多模式相结合的个性化治疗研究存在很大研究空间。

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(收稿日期:2019-03-22  本文編辑:任   念)

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