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基于端电压平均值和准滑模观测器的无刷直流电机控制

2019-10-21倪有源余长城陈浩

电机与控制学报 2019年5期
关键词:滑模直流电机永磁

倪有源 余长城 陈浩

Abstract:Sensorless control is the trend of development in the future. In order to improve the accuracy of a sensorless brushless DC (BLDC) motor control system, based on an average terminal voltage, a quasi sliding mode observer with a line back electromotive force (EMF) was proposed. To reduce chattering in the traditional sliding mode observer, a saturation function with boundary layer was employed and the average terminal voltage was sampled. In the control strategy, line back EMF without filter circuit and phase compensation module were obtained, and by using of the line back EMF as commutation signal the problem of phase back EMF as commutation signal lagging 30° electrical degree was eliminated with the actual commutation signal. The virtual hall signals corresponding the line back EMF determine the commutation signals. Compared with the traditional sliding mode control method, the proposed method can be used to obtain low torque ripple and fast response speed. The simulation and experiment results show that the proposed method is effective and correct .

Keywords:sensorless control; brushless DC motor; average terminal voltage; line back electromotive force; quasi sliding mode observer

0 引 言

永磁無刷直流电机具有控制简单、可靠性高以及效率高等优点,广泛应用于各种场合[1]。传统的无刷直流电机采用霍尔传感器检测转子位置从而换相,然而位置传感器却限制了无刷直流电机在一些场合的应用而且造成电机成本过高。因此,无位置传感器无刷直流电机已成为关注的热点之一。

国内外学者对于无位置传感器控制技术进行了广泛研究。常用的转子位置检测方法有反电势检测、续流二极管导通检测、磁链检测、观测器检测[2-7]等。在观测器检测方法中,滑模观测器具有良好的鲁棒性、简化的外围参数[8]等优点而被众多学者深入研究。滑模观测器的设计常常在估值振荡、相位延迟、收敛速度、系统能量损耗等因素之间进行取舍。文献[9-10]针对无位置传感器电动汽车驱动系统分别将高阶非奇异终端模型和模糊逻辑引入滑模观测器,根据滑模运动的情形来消除估算振荡,确保系统的稳定性和鲁棒性,整个系统的运算量十分巨大。文献[11]采用了一种双曲正切函数代替传统滑模函数来削弱估值振荡,同时将线反电势加入状态方程增加转子估算的准确性,这种结合使用的方法无疑增加了运算的复杂性,使得在宽转速电机推广应用中受到限制,动态响应也很差。文献[12]采用分段饱和函数代替简单的符号函数,滑模输入误差在边界层内外适用于分段函数中不同的条件,从而有效地减小了估值振荡的问题,但是并没有将分段函数进行理论推导,没有和实验匹配的理论支撑。文献[13-14]均采取sigmoid函数构造代替传统符号函数,提高了转子位置的估算精确度,但是收敛问题使得整个系统鲁棒性变差,从而动态响应速度需要进一步提高。

本文在文献[12]提出的通过构建饱和函数搭建准滑模观测器的基础上,采用幂次趋近律进行了理论推导,不仅可以克服传统滑模控制抖振的缺点,而且可以省去系统中的滤波电路。同时,本文提出了基于端电压平均值的准滑模控制,通过采样端电压的平均值进一步减少电路中的杂波,从而提高了系统控制的精确度。

1 无刷直流电机数学模型

三相无刷直流电机系统的等效电路如图1所示。

4 结 论

1)与传统的滑模观测控制相比,采用端电压的平均值作为观测器的输入量,能够从一开始就减少输入量中杂波对系统的影响,从而提高系统控制的精度。

2)采用线反电势检测的策略,不仅可以直接获取换相信号,而且不需要外加补偿电路,也不需要中性点电压。与传统方法相比,该方法能够简化控制电路。

3)与传统的滑模控制相比,采用准滑模幂次趋近率的控制策略,可以减少各种滤波电路,动态响应速度快,同时也可以有效抑制抖振。电机在高速范围内效果优良,低速阶段效果不佳,整个系统功耗较小。仿真和实验结果验证了提出的控制策略具有较好的可行性。

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(编辑:贾志超)

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