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浅谈英语中独立主格的构成和应用

2019-10-07赵彤艳

校园英语·下旬 2019年8期
关键词:主动被动

【摘要】众所周知,每一种语言都有一些特殊的句型结构,如:英语中就有倒装句,祈使句,强调句,省略句,There be等特殊句式,除此之外,還有一些特殊结构,如分词的独立主格结构,动名词的复合结构,动词不定式复合结构,with的复合结构等,这些特殊结构都是同学们在学习英语过程中感到困惑的部分,笔者就分词的独立主格结构进行详细的解释说明,帮助同学们走出困区。

【关键词】分词独立主格结构;主动;被动

【作者简介】赵彤艳(1971-),女,山西畜牧兽医学校,英语教师,本科。

一、分词的种类和意义

分词分为现在分词和过去分词,在时态上现在分词v+ing 表示该动作为进行;过去分词v+ed表示该动作已完成;在语态上,现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动(多为及物动词)。

Eg: 1 China is a developing country = a country that is developing  (developing 表示进行)

Eg: 2 America is a developed country = a country that has developed (developed 表示完成)

Eg: 3 I saw an old man crossing the road =that an old man was crossing the road.(crossing 表示主动)

Eg: 4 Tom was reading a book published in the 1980s=that was published in the 1980s. (published 表示被动)。

二、分词独立结构(The Nominative Absolute Cons- truction)

1.分词独立结构构成:逻辑主语+分词。 分词短语在句中做状语时,它逻辑上的主语一般必须和句子的主语一致,但有时它可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语,这种结构称为分词独立结构。请看下面例句:

Eg 1 Hearing the exciting news, Tom jumped up.

解释:本句中谓语动词为jump,非谓语动词为hearing, hearing the exciting news为非谓语动词短语在整个句子中作时间状语;hearing的动作发出者(逻辑上的主语)就是句子的主语Tom.

Eg: Jack entered the classroom, wearing a pair of sunglasses.

解释:本句中谓语动词为enter, 非谓语动词短语wearing a pair of sunglasses作伴随状语,wearing 的动作发出者(逻辑主语)和该句的主语是一致的,即Jack.

练习1 _______(be) a student, I should study hard.

分析:本句中主语为I,谓语为should study, be 为非谓语动词,根据非谓语动词作状语逻辑主语须和句子主语一致,即be 的逻辑主语就是I,而I和be 之间是主动关系,故此空填入Being..

练习2________(be) a fine day, we can go camping.

分析:本句中主语为we,谓语为 can go , 而非谓语动词be 的逻辑主语为天气,和句子主语不一致,此时非谓语动词要有自己逻辑上的主语,天气用it表示,故此空应填入It being.

2.分词独立结构特点。

(1)独立主格结构有独立存在的逻辑主语。独立主格结构逻辑主语和分词是逻辑上的主动或被动关系。

(2)独立主格结构一般有逗号和句子分开。

Eg: Tom rushed into the classroom, his hand holding a ball.

Eg: Homework finished, we could go swimming.

Eg: There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.

3.分词独立结构和状语从句转换。分词独立结构在句中作状语,表示时间,原因,条件时可和相应的时间,原因,条件状语从句转换,伴随状语可以转换为并列句。

Eg: Test prepared (When test was prepared), we were confident in passing it (时间).

It raining(=As it was raining), we had to stay at home.  (原因)

Weather permitting(=If weather permits), we will hold a sports meeting (条件).

The boy came into the room, his dog following him. = The boy came into the room, and his dog followed him. (并列句)

完成以下练习:

1. He rushed into the room, his face ______(cover) with sweat.

2. He has many friends, none of them ______( invite)by him.

3. There are many people in the park, some ______( sit )by the lake.

4. More time ______( give ), we would have dome it much better.

答案:1 covered; 2 invited; 3 sitting; 4 given.

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