高中英语词汇教学的实践与反思
2019-04-26洪晓冰
洪晓冰
【摘要】词汇的学习,需要兼顾语言形式和意义,是一个动态的、循环的、逐步增长的过程。作者以人教版高中英语必修三第五单元的词汇第二课时为例,使用“词—句—篇”的教学模式,通过词汇的意思、词汇在句子的练习和将词汇融入于全篇文章中加以理解,让学生从多方面理解词汇,让学生轻松学习词汇,轻松学习英语。
【关键词】英语词汇教学;教学模式;任务型教学
词汇是构成语言最基本的单位,是一切语言活动的基础。词汇教学主要是使学生掌握词义、词的搭配和用法,要真正掌握词义和词的用法,必须通过有情境的课文教学,并结合听书读写的语言实践才能达到。因此,有效的词汇教学是提高学生听说读写等基本技能的前提。词汇教学在整个语言教学过程中具有举足轻重的作用。因此,笔者根据长期教学实践研究的心得,侧重谈谈“词—句—篇”的词汇教学模式在词汇教学中的应用与成就。
目前高中英语词汇教学的现状:许多教师是照搬词典词条,孤立地对词汇进行分析、讲解和操练,教学环节支离破碎,转换生硬,缺乏整体性、层次性和连贯性,降低了学生在辨认和加工词汇过程中的知识内化程度。同时,学生往往脱离语境理解词汇及其用法,抓不住主线,体验不到语言学习的乐趣(陈则航,王蔷, 2010)。
有理论认为:学习者早期词汇习得是一个在现实的语言环境中不断接触目标词而形成的多层级、不断发展的学习过程。由此可见,掌握一个单词,不仅要知道它的发音、拼写和意义,还要掌握它的句法和搭配。而且,一个词的习得并不是瞬间完成的,而是一个动态的、循环的、逐步增长的过程。词汇教学要兼顾语言形式和意义,既不能过于关注语言形式、脱离功能和意义机械地进行语言练习,抹杀学生的学习兴趣和信心,也不能将重心完全放在意义层面,而忽视了语言形式,从而失去表达意义的基础。
据此,为了在教学实践中更为有效地解决词汇教学的老大难问题,笔者尝试采用“词—句—篇”的词汇教学模式进行目标词汇的教学。该模式能使学生通过接触、理解、操练、运用语言等环节,逐步实现语言的内化和整合,学会用准确的语言形式表达得体的意义。
笔者现就人教版高中英语必修3 Unit 5的词汇第二课时的教学为例进行具体阐释。本节课是学生在完成词汇的读音、拼写和基本语义后,进一步关注词汇的深度和使用,即了解如何使用这个词汇。
一、教学设计分析
本节课是词汇教学,因此笔者牢牢把握“该如何教和怎么教”这一词汇教学的核心问题。基于核心词汇观教学理念的“词—句—篇”的词汇教学模式,能够引导学生运用各种方法学习单词,把“苦学单词”变为“乐学单词”。
本节课的难点是掌握英语必修3 Unit 5这个单元的六个核心词(rather than; surround; measure; aboard; confirm; impress),同时也是本节课的重点内容。
本节课的教学过程的设计是通过Present the six key words→Explain the usage of the six key words→Use them in a passage and writing这三大大步骤来完成本节课的教学任务。
二、教材内容分析
本单元为人教版《英语【必修3】的 Unit 5 Canada— “The True North”》词汇学习,按考纲要求要掌握的词汇共有41个单词和7个重点短语。本节课只进行六个核心词汇(rather than; surround; measure; aboard; confirm; impress)的学习。
三、教学目标
通过本节课的学习,学生能够掌握这六个核心词(rather than; surround; measure; aboard; confirm; impress)的广度和深度,在情景任务中正确熟练地运用所学的重点词汇, 使学生在词汇学习中达到学会、会学、会用的境界。
四、教学过程
Step 1 Lead in
Show the school pictures for the students to discuss and talk about them ,using the six key words (rather than; surround; measure; aboard; confirm; impress)and writing them on the blackboard.
Step 2 Presentation
Task 1 Match the words with their meanings.
1. to give support or certainty to a fact, a belief, statement, etc.
2. to influence deeply, esp. with a feeling of admiration
3. on a ship, plane, bus or train
4. to be all around somebody or something on every side
5.determine the measurements of something or somebody, take measurements of
6.instead of
A impress B rather than C. confirm D surround E measure F aboard
設计意图:让学生根据英语释义来找出相应的单词,训练学生的猜测词义及用英文思维和表达的能力。此项任务旨在深化目标词汇的概念和意义,同时唤醒学生对本节课所学目标词汇的注意,并为后续教学任务搭建脚手架。
Step3 Language points explanation
1.rather than 【观察】 仔细阅读下列句子,并试着总结rather than的含义及用法。
① John is an explorer rather than a sailor.
② We will have the class meeting on the playground rather than in the classroom.
③ We should help him rather than he should help us.
④ I decided to write rather than (to) telephone.
⑤ I would like to stay at home rather than go to the park today.
⑥ I prefer to go out rather than stay in the classroom.
2.surround 【观察】 阅读下列各句,并观察surround在句中的用法。
① The house was surrounded by / with trees.
② He likes to surround himself with amusing people.
③ _____________by the mountains, the palace is very beautiful. Lily is satisfied with the______________scenery and will soon adapt herself to the new______________.
3. measure 【观察】 仔细阅读下列句子,并试着总结measure的含义及用法。
① Success isnt measured by how much money you have.
② We measured the fish and it was half a meter long.
③ The classroom measures about 10 meters by 8 meters.
④ A meter is a measure of length, and a minute is a measure of time.
⑤ The government must take measures to protect birds.
⑥ My mother made a dress to my measure.
4. aboard board border broad abroad
① Welcome _______! Please take your seat and fasten your safety belt as soon as possible.
② He rented out his house while he worked _______.
③ Please ______the train immediately.
④ The girl entered the room with a ______ smile.
⑤ The terrorists escaped across the ______.
5. confirm confirmed confirmation
① I'm still waiting for ___________ of the test results.
② Earlier reports were unable to________ that there were any survivors.
③ He was a _________ optimist and believed that everything would be all right.
6. impress impression impressive
① His collection of paintings is most _________.
② His first speech as president made a strong _________ on his audience.
③ The sights of the city never fail to _______ foreign tourists.
④ I was deeply __________by the scenery here.
設计意图:让学生集中学习本单元的重点词汇,通过在特定的语言环境中掌握词的意义和搭配,同时通过丰富的情景帮助学生轻松掌握词汇的用法。 提供词汇的语境,是词汇教学的重要组成部分,因为一个词的词性、意义、搭配、用法和语义只有在语境中才能体现出来。
教师对目标词汇进行适当的讲解和拓展后,学生在新的语境中操练词汇以巩固并内化,提高词汇知识运用的自动化程度,为此后的语言输出做好铺垫。
Task 2 Error correction:
1. He was an expert at finding his way, even in strange surrounding.
2. The government is urged to take measure to against aging problem.
3. I would rather walk than to cycle to school.
4. The book left a deep impress on him.
5. The new discovery confirmed by further experiments.
6. All passengers border fell into the river.
设计意图:通过此题的练习,增强学生的有意注意,引导学生观察、发现某个词在不同语境中的意义、搭配,从而建立词义、搭配、语境之间的关系,有助于学生对该词的长时记忆,以及对该词的激活和提取。
Task 3 Fill in the blanks
Look at the picture. We are very 1 (impress) by the beautiful campus, which is 2 (surround) with many trees and flowers. Our new school 3 (measure) about 160mu. In the morning we prefer to do morning reading outside the classroom 4 than in it because of the fresh air. We often 5 (settle) down for the night at ten oclock. At night sometimes our girl students feel 6 (terrify)going back to the dormitory due to the campus being too large. Anyone 7 would like to come to our school can go 8 (aboard) the No.33 or 21 Bus to 9 (confirm) that our school is 10 (real) large and beautiful.
设计意图:以文章段落为载体,把本单元的重点词汇融入其中,从而帮助学生掌握词汇及其词性,即将本单元的重点词汇融合在学生熟知的(龙岩二中)话语情境中,提升学生使用重点词汇的能力,学生还可以通过这个文章段落了解龙岩二中。通过这个活动引领学生在语篇中观察、发现词汇的意义,归纳词汇的搭配,再应用词汇知识去解决实际问题,体现了词汇学习的工具性,激发了学生学习词汇的兴趣和动力。
Task 3 Writing
Try to use two or more of the six key words to describe some places you ever have been to.
Sample: I have been to Yongfu in Zhangping .The flower sea makes a deep impression on me. So many cherry blossoms surround you. How beautiful they are!
设计意图:引导学生学会使用本节课的词汇进行初级的语言表达,为本单元后续的书面表达做好铺垫。
此環节是在前述活动层层铺垫的基础上进行的结构性交际,鼓励学生在新的语言环境中使用目标词汇,在语言使用中深化和巩固语言知识。
Step 4 Summary and homework
1. 教师利用板书简短地总结本节课所学的主要单词和词组。
2. 作业:①完成英语[必修3]的 Unit 5的 P36 Ex1,2&3和 P71页的Ex 4。
设计意图:学生在课后的练习题中可以巩固所学单词,还可以自主学习另外的新单词,让学生在完成练习的过程中体验新的知识。
②预习英语[必修3] Unit 5 P34reading后完成一篇短文(短文省略)
设计意图:这个任务再现本节课的内容,不仅可以更好地激发学生自主学习的热情,在巩固旧知识的同时,鼓励学生穿插使用单词和词组。学生在练习中将所学的词汇运用起来,能达到学以致用的效果。
课后作业是课堂教学的延续、深化和补充。与课堂学习任务相关的作业,有利于培养学生的实践能力、创新意识和创造精神。
五、总结
本节课所使用的目标词汇教学依托文本主题,设置任务链,逐步引入、呈现、发现、巩固应用目标词汇,提升了目标词汇的复现率,从而使学生可以充分地从语境化的语言输入中注意、加工、记忆和提取词汇信息,对目标词汇进行更为精细的加工。
相比于传统词汇教学中“教师讲(用法),学生记(笔记)”,本节课的“词—句—篇”的词汇教学模式能有效强化学生的词汇学习,并让学生倍感轻松。这种词汇教学模式要求老师吃透词汇的用法,充分了解学生的需要和认知水平,制定合理的词汇教学目标和编制科学精致的学案。课堂上,教师应采用多种练习形式和课堂活动,帮助学生内化、储存、提取和运用语言(季红,2017),从而真正地提高学生的运用语言的能力。
然而,容量有限的教材不能增加同一个词语被反复接触到的频率,加上文本中出现的语境也比较单一,学生只能在教材中接触到词汇在有限语境中的用法或只了解词汇的核心语义(田慧莉,2015)。另外,由于促成词汇习得的有效因素和词汇习得过程尚且性质不明(戴曼纯,2000),因此,教师在应用“词—句—篇”的词汇教学模式时还应注意词汇习得的过程和习得结果,并不断调整、优化词汇教学方法。
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