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抽丝剥茧,轻松搞定定语从句

2019-01-28刘本龙

求学·理科版 2019年1期
关键词:中作限制性先行

刘本龙

定语从句是高中英语语法中的一个重要的语法项目,也是每年高考英语考查的重点和热点,主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选择。下面,笔者对高考英语定语从句的考查热点进行盘点,希望对同学们有所帮助。

一、定语从句考点分析

1.关系代词that,which,who,whom,whose在定语从句中作主语、宾语和定语的用法

【高考链接1】(2018全国卷Ⅰ·66)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014______showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.

【解析】此空填that或which。用that或which引导定语从句,因为先行词study是物,并且that或which在定语从句中作主语。

【高考链接2】(2018全国卷Ⅱ· 69)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-when the government started a soil-testing program ______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers- and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.

【解析】此空填that或which。用that或which引导定语从句,因为先行词program是物,并且that或which在定语从句中作主语。

【高考链接3】(2017全国卷Ⅲ·64)But Sarah, ______ has taken part in shows along with top models wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.

【解析】此空填who。用who引导非限制性定语从句,因为先行词Sarah是人,并且who在定语从句中作主语。

【高考链接4】(2016全国卷Ⅲ·47)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ______ lived from roughly 551 to 497 B.C, influenced the development of chopsticks.

【解析】此空填who。用who引导非限制性定语从句,因为先行词Confucius是人,并且who在定语从句中作主语。

2.关系代词as和which引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个主句内容的用法

【高考链接5】(2017全国卷Ⅰ·70)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both,  ______ is not good for the health.

【解析】此空填which。句意:“像其他任何东西一样,很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐对健康没有好处。”which引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面的句子“it is possible to have too much of both”,并且which在非限制性定语从句中作主语,故填which。

【高考链接6】(2017浙江卷·57) Like many things in life, its an ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that theres enough room for improvement, ______means youll just keep getting better and better.

【解析】此空填which。which引導非限制性定语从句,指代前面的句子“theres enough room for improvement”,并在定语从句中作主语。

3.关系副词where,when,why在定语从句中作状语的用法

【高考链接7】(2017浙江卷·64)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ______ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.

【解析】此空填where。where引导定语从句,因为在该定语从句中,句子的成分是完整的,并且先行词为表示地点的the garden,故填关系副词where。

【高考链接8】(2016全国卷Ⅰ·65)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,

I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.

【解析】此空填when。when引导非限制性定语从句,因为先行词mid-1980s表示时间,在该非限制性定语从句中,when作状语。

4.“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法

【高考链接9】(2018全国卷Ⅰ改错题)They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.

【解析】在which前加in或将which改为where。在该定语从句中,句子成分完整,所以用where引导定语从句。在该定语从句中,where作状语,用in which表示在鱼塘里,所以in which可以代替where。

二、定语从句做题步骤

从定语从句的考点分析,我们可以得出定语从句的做题步骤。

1.划出定语从句。简单来说,就是从空格开始,划出一个完整的句子。

2.找出从句的谓语动词,判断从句是否缺少主语、宾语或表语等成分。如果从句缺少成分,则根据先行词选择相应的关系代词(which, that, who和whom,非限制性定语从句不能用that);如果从句不缺少成分,则根据先行词选择相应的关系副词。

三、定语从句注意事项

1.注意what和that的区别

what和that都可以在从句中作主语、宾语和表语,但是what用在名词性从句中,而that用在定语从句中。例如:

What surprised us is that he did it alone.使我们吃惊的是他一个人做了那项工作。(what在主语从句中作主语)

This is one of the buildings that were built last year. 这是去年建的楼房之一。(that在定语从句中作主语,指物,不能省略。)

2.注意分隔式定語从句

定语从句一般紧跟在先行词的后面,但有时候也会被插入语、同位语、状语、谓语或其他定语等成分分隔。如果是隔开了的定语从句,则要先根据句意找到先行词,然后再进行句子结构分析。例如:

She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ______ allows them to communicate freely with each other. 句意:“他有为学生营造一种良好的(课堂)氛围的天赋,这种氛围能够令学生交流自如。”从句意可知,先行词是an atmosphere,而不是students,所以此空应填which或that。

3.注意限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别

关系代词that常用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句。有些考生看到这是一个定语从句,指代物,又是作主语或宾语,就填that。如果这是一个非限制性定语从句,填that就错了。例如:

Clock is a kind of instrument, which can tell people time.句意:“钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。”这个句子是一个非限制性定语从句,只能用which引导,不能用that。

4.注意定语从句的主谓一致性

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如:

Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom是从美国回来的男孩们中的一个。

四、定语从句知识清单

清单一:关系代词与关系副词的用法

清单二:几组关系词的区别

1.that和which

(1)当先行词为all, something, anything, nothing, little, any, much, the one, everything, few, some, none, everyone, nobody等不定代词时,关系代词用that。例如:

There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.  对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。

(2)当先行词被all,any,no,little,much,only,few,one of,every,very,some,exactly,same等修饰时,关系代词用that。例如:

This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.  这正是我要买的词典。

(3)先行词是形容词最高级、序数词或被形容词最高级、序数词修饰时,关系代词用that。例如:

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。

(4)which可以和介词连用,而that不可以。例如:

The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. 我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。

(5)引导非限制性定语从句时,关系代词要用which,不能用that。例如:

The Peoples  Republic of China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中华人民共和国是1949年成立的,现在正变得越来越强大。

2. as 和which

(1)非限制性定语从句中的谓语是实义动词时,只能用which作定语从句的主语。例如:

The sports meeting was put off, which astonished us. 运动会被推迟,这让我们吃惊。

(2) as意为“正如……”,后面的谓语动词多是see,know, hear,watch,remember,discover,say,tell等。例如:

He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent. 他是个外国人,正像我从他的口音判断的那样。

(3)谓语是say,imagine,expect,report,know,show, point,mention,announce等动词的被动形式时,只能用as作定语从句的主语。例如:

As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 众所周知,月亮每个月绕行地球一次。

(4)as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后;which引导的非限制性定语从句通常放在主句之后。例如:

As we all know, eating too much sugar is bad for our health。众所周知,吃太多糖对我们的身体不好。

清单三:省略关系词的情况

1.当关系代词在从句中作介词宾语,而介词又在句末时,关系代词可省略,当关系代词作动词宾语时也可省略。例如:

I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hong Kong. 我将不会忘记我在香港度过的那一天。

2.当先行词way后面的关系代词为that或 in which时,that或in which可省略。例如:

I did not like the way (that/in which) he talked to me. 我不喜欢他对我谈话的方式。

清单四:在定语从句中,如果关系代词代替了对应的单词,那么这个单词在定语从句中就不能再出现,否则就重复了。例如:

Ill never forget the day which/that I spent here.(the day不能再出现了)我将不会忘记在这里度过的那一天。

清单五:whose 表示所属关系,与名词连用,可指人或物

whose用来指物时,可用“of +which”来替代,此时词序为“限定词+名词+of + which”或“of +which+限定词+名词”。例如:

He studies in a school whose buildings are beautiful. =He studies in a school the buildings of which are beautiful.=He studies in a school of which the buildings are beautiful. 他就读的学校的楼房很漂亮。

清单六:当先行词是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage,occasion等名词,表示情况、方面、处境时,且引导词在从句中作状语,则关系副词用where。例如:

He had to face the condition where pressure was heavy.他必须面对压力很大的情况。

清单七:“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句的用法

1.当先行词表示时间,定语从句中缺少时间状语时,通常用关系副词when引导,此时也可选用表示时间的介词+which来代替关系副词when。例如:

I still remember the day when I came here. (when= on which)我还记得我到这里度过的那一天。

2.当先行词表示地点,定语从句中缺少地点状语时,通常用关系副词where引导,此时也可选用表示地点的介词+which来代替关系副词where。例如:

This is the house where I lived last year. (where =in which)这就是我去年住过的房子。

3.当先行词为reason,定语从句中缺少表示原因的状语时,通常用关系副词why引导,此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。例如:

There are many reasons why people like traveling. (why=for which)人們喜欢旅游的原因有很多。

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