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五元联系数在长江下游生态航道评价中的应用

2018-12-29匡舒雅李天宏

南水北调与水利科技 2018年5期
关键词:敏感性分析评价体系南京

匡舒雅 李天宏

摘要:针对生态航道评价中存在的模糊、不确定性问题,基于集对分析理论和层次分析法,建立了五元联系数模型,根据生态航道评价指标体系各指标与等级标准的联系程度,构造联系度公式,结合层次分析法计算各评价指标的权重,运用该模型开展了长江下游南京-浏河口段生态航道评价,结果表明,南京-浏河口段生态航道等级为Ⅲ级,其中航运功能、自净功能和景观娱乐功能为Ⅰ级,生态功能为Ⅳ级,需要结合该河段实际情况加强生态环境保护工作。敏感性分析表明,功能层权重的小幅度波动不会对评价结果造成较大影响,说明对该河段的评价结果比较稳定。

关键词:生态航道;南京-浏河口河段;评价体系;五元联系数;敏感性分析

中图分类号:X522 文献标志码:A 文章编号:

16721683(2018)05009309

Application of fiveelement connection number to assessment of ecological waterway in the lower reaches of Yangtze River

KUANG Shuya1,2,LI Tianhong1,2

1.College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;

2.Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences,Ministry of Education,Beijing 100871,China)

Abstract:

Aiming at the fuzzy and uncertainty problems in ecological waterway assessment,we built a fiveelement connection number model on the basis of AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method and the SPA (Set Pair Analysis).According to the connection between each index of the ecological waterway assessment index system and the grade standard,we constructed the connection degree formula,and calculated the weight of each assessment index by AHP.The model was applied to assess the ecological waterway of NanjingLiuhekou reach in the lower reaches of Yangtze River.The results showed that the health condition of this ecological waterway was in Grade "III".The navigation function,selfpurification function,and landscape & entertainment function were in Grade "I",while the ecological function was in Grade "IV".It is necessary to strengthen ecological environmental protection of the reach.A sensitivity analysis indicated that the assessment results were not sensitive to smallamplitude fluctuation of the weights of the function layer,suggesting that the evaluation results of the NanjingLiuhekou reach were stable.

Key words:ecological waterway;the NanjingLiuhekou reach; assessment system;fiveelement connection number;sensitivity analysis

近年來,我国提出依托长江黄金水道发展长江经济带的发展战略,党的十九大报告指出:“以共抓大保护、不搞大开发为导向推动长江经济带发展”,要求加快内河航运现代化发展的步伐,长江水运发展迎来了新的机遇。此外,生态文明建设也要求,长江航道在满足高效、安全的航运需求的同时,还要把长江河流生态系统的保护工作摆在压倒性位置,在此背景下,生态航道建设越来越受到重视[1],而如何对生态航道进行科学评价是生态航道建设必不可少的基础性工作。

本文针对生态航道评价中,准则层对目标层的权重确定以及评价标准确定等环节遇到的不确定性问题,尝试应用中国学者赵克勤[2]提出的集对分析理论,开展长江下游生态航道评价。集对分析理论(简称SAP,Set Pair Analysis)是处理系统确定性与不确定性相互作用的数学理论,其主要数学工具是联系数,集对分析理论是将确定的和不确定的问题视为一个整体,通过同异反联系数分析事物之间的联系度和差异度[34]。目前,该方法已经在知识创新[56]、医学[79]、工业[1012]、农业[1315]、防洪安全[1618]、水环境质量[1822]、生态评价[2324]、教育[2527]等方面得到广泛应用。

本文从生态航道建设必须满足河流航运功能和河流其他诸功能协调发展这一思路入手[28],采用基于集对分析理论的五元联系数模型,结合统计资料和实际监测数据,以长江下游南京-浏河口段为研究区域,结合层次分析法对各指标赋值,建立了基于层次分析法的五元联系数长江生态航道评价模型,确定具体的等级划分原则,定量计算出该河段生态航道的健康程度等级,旨在为长江下游生态航道建设和河流可持续管理提供科学参考。

[BT2-*6] 1 区域概况

长江源远流长,水量充沛,终年不冻,水运条件优越,素有“黄金水道”的称誉。长江下游的南京至浏河口河段长306 km,位于江苏省境内。江阴以上常以分汊河型为主;江阴以下河道总体上自上而下成喇叭形逐渐展宽,河道中有较多沙体和潜洲,冲淤变化频繁,河床演变受径流和潮流共同作用,潮流影响较大(图1)。南京至浏河口河段自然条件优越,具有建设深水航道的基本条件。该段航道整治的主要措施包括活动边滩治理、河势控导、减淤和疏浚等。目前,这些航道整治工程的实施也越来越关注对河流生态环境的影响。

[BT2-*8] 2 生态航道评价指标体系构建

2.1 指标体系

生态航道的评价对象是具有航运功能的河流生态系统的健康水平,注重航运功能与其他诸功能的协调发展。一个健康的河流生态系统应该具有自然结构稳定、功能健全、抵抗和恢复外界干扰的能力并且能够充分发挥其正常的生态效益以及社会经济效益[29]。基于对航道与河流系统关系的理解并借鉴相关研究成果[30],本文构建了包括一个目标层A(长江下游南京-浏河口段生态航道水平)、7个准则层B(航运功能、输水泄洪功能、输沙功能、自净功能、供水功能、生态功能、景观娱乐功能)、19个指标层C的长江下游生态航道南京-浏河口段评价指标体系,见图2。

采用定性与定量相结合的方法对单项指标进行分级,分级的依据优先采用相关国家、地区、行业标准,或参考与研究区域相似地区研究成果。将长江下游南京-浏河口段生态航道评价划分为“Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ”五个等级,为采用五元联系数法评价长江下游生态航道健康水平做铺垫,具体指标及分级标准见表1。

2.2 指标权重确定

本文采用层次分析法(AHP,Analytic Hierarchy Process)确定指标权重,层次分析法是最为常用的一种指标赋权方法,在层次分析法的基础上采用五元联系数模型进行评价,以提高评价结果的客观性。

通过发放专家调查表获得专家打分结果,根据专家打分结果构造判断矩阵AB和BiC,将各判断矩阵逐次输入Matlab软件中,应用函数eig(A)求各判断矩阵的最大特征值λmax和特征向量,然后计算各判断矩阵的一致性,若一致性检验通过,则归一化特征向量[WTB1X]w[WTBZ]的各分量值即为各指标的权重。

取各位专家赋权平均值得到长江下游生态航道评价指标体系准则层的绝对权重,计算得到AB判断矩阵λmax=75236,CI= 00873,CR=00661<010,说明AB判断矩阵具有一致性,对λmax所对应的特征向量进行归一化得到W={01331,03073,01536,01268,01353,01153,00288}T,采用层次分析法确定各指标绝对权重结果见表2。

3 基于五元联系数法的生态航道评价

3.1 五元联系数原理

五元联系数方法是集对分析理论中相同、相异、相反联系数的一种推广[4445],将三元联系数μ=a+bi+cj 中的bi项进一步划分,便可以得到基于集对分析理论的多元联系数[4],将相异的部分进一步细化,能够更加准确的分析系统中的不确定性因素,增加计算结果的准确性和有效性[4546]。五元联系数表达式为[47]:

μ=a+bi+cj+d[WTB1X]k[WTBX]+el (1)

式中:a,b,c,d,e具有明显的优序性,即a表示事物的同一度;e表示事物的对立度;b,c,d为差异度;且满足a+b+c+d+e=1,a,b,c,d,e∈[0,1];联系分量系数i,j,k∈[-1,1],l=-1;有时i,j,k,l不取任何值,仅作为一种标记。

五元联系数集对模型评价生态航道健康水平分为以下几个步骤。

(1)构造集对并确定评价等级。将生态航道健康水平划分为5级,[HJ2.08mm]分别为“Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ”级,将长江下游生态航道评价指标体系的指标实测值视为集合Cn(n=1,2,…,n;n为评价指标体系中指标个数),将各指标对应的Ⅰ至Ⅴ级评价标准视为集合Bt (t为评价等级“Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ”),集合Cn和Bt共同构成一个集对H(Cn,Bt,),将评价等级中的的Ⅰ类标准作为同一度a的取值依据,Ⅴ类标准作为对立度e的取值依据,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类评价标准分别作为差异度b,c,d的取值依据[4849],用五元联系数来表示长江下游生态航道健康状况,其表达式为:

μ=a+bi+cj+dk+el (2)

式中:a,b,c,d,e分别表示第n个指标Cn与该指标Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ级分类标准的联系度。

(2)构造指标层联系度表达式。某指标的实测值为xn,生态航道健康水平等级划分为5个等级,有4个临界值分别表示为S1、S2、S3、S4,根据公式(3)和公式(4)构造指标层联系度表达式。

成本型指標(越小越好型指标)的联系度表达式[4951]:

式中:S1、S2、S3、S4分别为 Ⅰ至Ⅴ类评价等级的临界值。

(3)构造准则层联系度表达式。在通过式(3)、式(4)计算出各指标的联系度的基础上,结合层次分析法的赋权结果,计算生态航道评价一级子系统(准则层)的评价五元联系数μ

3.2 五元联系数评价等级划分

采用置信度準则来评价生态航道不同河流系统功能的健康等级[29]。计算公式为:

4 结果与讨论

4.1 评价结果

根据公式(3)、式(4)计算长江下游生态航道南京-浏河口段各指标的同一度分量a,差异度分量b,c,d和对立度分量e,结合各指标相应权重,可由公式(5)计算不同准则层的同一度分量a,差异度分量b,c,d和对立度分量e,再结合各准则层相应权重,可由公式(6)计算得到长江下游生态航道南京-浏河口段相对于I级状态的五元联系数为μ=03364+02332i+02615j+00815k+00873l,具体计算结果见表4。

确定合理的置信度λ,根据公式(7)判别出南京-浏河口段生态航道所属健康等级,本文λ取0.6,则南京-浏河口段联系度h1=f1=03364;h2=f1+f2=03364+02332=05696<06;h3=f1+f2+f3=03364+02332+02615=08312>06,故判定结果为南京-浏河口段生态航道评价等级为“Ⅲ”,同理,可计算得到各准则层所属的健康等级,具体计算结果见表5。

从表5可以看出,长江下游生态航道南京-浏河口段航运功能、输水泄洪功能、输沙功能、供水功能、自净功能、生态功能、景观娱乐功能的健康等级分别是Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅰ级、Ⅳ级、Ⅰ级。

4.2 敏感性分析

权重的选取对评价结果影响较大,本文采用层次分析法确定指标权重主要是通过发放专家调查问卷,根据专家对长江下游生态航道准则层7项功能和各指标含义的个人理解进行重要程度排序,根据

打分结果构造判断矩阵确定的权重会使结果具有一定的主观性,因此,需要对评价结果进行敏感性分析,即每次变动一个功能指标的权重,其他功能的权重依比例做相应改变,确保权重总和始终为1,以此求出某个指标本身变动对评价体系结果的影响程度,进而检测评价结果的稳定性,计算结果见表6。

功能的总权重值的某些小幅调整对评估结果不会造成很大影响,这说明长江下游生态航道南京-浏河口段评价结果具有较高的稳定性。

5 结论

基于集对分析理论和层次分析法,建立了长江下游南京-浏河口段生态航道健康评价五元联系数模型,采用层次分析法计算各指标绝对权重,根据五元联系数相关公式计算生态航道健康等级。该模型能够处理生态航道评价过程中分级标准边界模糊、信息不完整导致的不确定性问题,等级划分更加合理。从结果来看,南京-浏河口段生态航道健康等级总体处于Ⅲ级,从具体功能来看,河流航运功能、自净功能和景观娱乐功能处于Ⅰ级状态,生态功能处于Ⅳ级,亟待结合该河段实际状况进行生态治理。对南京-浏河口段评价结果的敏感性分析也表明,功能层权重的小幅度波动不会对评价结果造成较大影响。

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