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浅析《虬髯客传》中“曰”字的译法

2018-10-25杨开迪

西部论丛 2018年10期

摘 要:“曰”字是古文当中是极其常见的词,其使用最频繁的用法是作动词的“说”意来讲。本文通过对比分析《虬髯客传》三个英译本中“曰”字的翻译策略,从“曰”字的视角来探讨古文的翻译方法和技巧。

关键词:虬髯客传 古文翻译 曰 英译对比

1.引言

《虬髯客传》是《唐人传奇》中的名篇,原文总计2500字, “曰”字出现的频率高达52次。“曰”字引述的内容不仅篇幅长达全文的一半之多,所涉及的情节关键,对人物特征的体现有很大的影响。

本文将基于电子科技大学外国语学院周劲松老师的Firey Bristles,杨宪益、戴乃迭的The Man with the Curly Beard和Wang Jing的The Tale of the Curly-Bearded Guest三个译本,对比和探讨“曰”字的英译法。

2.增译

文言文多省略,其常常省略主语、宾语、谓语和介词等,这一特点使文言文文章的行文呈现出紧密简练的特点。在文言文英译的过程当中,适当的增译可以呈现给读者更加清晰生动的画面。

2.1 增译主语

小说中有一些“曰”字前并没有主语,译者在翻译时采用了增译主语的方法,提高了读者阅读小说的流畅性。例如:

原文:遂环坐。曰:“煮者何肉?”曰:“羊肉,计已熟。”

译文:1. Then the three sat down in a circle. The man asked: “Whats in the pot?” “Mutton, reckoned well done” was the answer to the guest. (周译)

2. “What are you boiling?” asked the stranger.

“Mutton. It should be cooked by now.”(杨译)

3. Then they sat in a circle and the guest said, “What kind of meat are you boiling?” Li Jing said, “It is lamb. I think it should be ready by now.” (Wang译)

3. 转化

“英语多变化,汉语多重复”。如果对全文出现的“曰”字千篇一律地都译为“say”,易使对话枯燥、人物形象生硬。

3.1转化为不同意义的动词

例:原文:指吏曰:“问去者处士第几?住何处?”

译文:1. Seeing him off, the whisk holder drew close to the window and urged the errand boy…(周译)

2. When he was leaving, she said to the officer at the door...(杨译)

3. After Li Jing had left, the singing girl with the red whisk stood by the window, pointed [at his back],and asked an official…(Wang译)

译本一译出“催促”一词十分贴合红拂女为李靖的才华所吸引后迫切投奔他的心情。

3.2 转化为其他词性

“英语重结构,汉语重语义”。根据句子的成分和组成结构,可适当将“曰”字的由动词转化为其他词性,例如:

原文:公前揖曰:“天下方乱,英雄竞起。

译文:1. Seeing this, Lijing bowed and came up with the words as the following: “...”(周译)

2. Li approached and said with a bow: “…”(杨译)

3. Li Jing stepped forward, bowed to him, and said, “…”(Wang译)

4. 省译

原文中,“曰”字主要引述单个说话者的说话内容和对话。原文中几处“曰”字既无主语发出“曰”的这一动作,从内容也难以提炼语气或情感,对话以询问信息为主,节奏较快。

4.1省译“曰”字,直接翻译对话内容

例如:

原文:曰:“何姓?”曰:“靖之同姓。”曰:“年几?”曰:“近二十。”曰:“今何为?”曰:“州将之爱子也。”

译文:1. “Do you know his surname?” “The same as mine.” “How old is he?” “Nearly 20.” “How about him for the moment?” “The beloved son of the general of the prefecture.”(周译)

2. “What is his name?” “His name is Li too.” “How old is he?” “Only twenty.”

“What is he now?” “He is the son of a provincial general.”(杨译)

3. The guest said, “What is his last name?”Li Jing said, “He has the same last name as mine.”The guest said, “How old is he?”Li said, “He is almost twenty years old.”The guest said, “What is he doing now?”Li Jing said, “He is a beloved son of a Commandery General.”(Wang译)

5.结语

三个英译本的译者对英汉语言的把握都有很高水准,纵向对比,以周劲松老师的译本对“曰”字的译法最多,理解最深刻、精妙。本文本着学习和借鉴的目的探讨《虬髯客传》中的“曰”字譯法,望为广大译者翻译古文中的“曰”字带来启发,也为中国古代典籍的翻译带来更多的思考。

参考文献:

[1] (唐)沈既济等编:《唐代传奇选》,王中立今译,杨宪益、戴乃迭英译,北京:外文出版社,2007:266

[2] William H. Nienhauser Jr., Tang Dynasty Tales: A Guided Reader, New Jersery et al.: World Scientific, 2010:189

[3] Fiery Bristles 周劲松译

作者简介:杨开迪(1991-9),女,籍贯:四川绵竹,学历:大学本科,学位:学士,研究方向:英语翻译。