肾氧饱和度监测在婴幼儿非紫绀型先心病手术中的应用及临床意义
2018-09-26谢越涛邢大军姚翠翠马星刚王嫦娥
谢越涛 邢大军 姚翠翠 马星刚 王嫦娥
[摘要] 目的 探讨术中采用连续肾氧饱和度监测的临床意义。 方法 选择2017年1~11月深圳市儿童医院手术治疗的3个月~3岁非紫绀型先心病患儿50例。采用舒芬太尼-七氟醚静吸复合气管插管麻醉。记录麻醉前(t0)、麻醉开始5 min(t1)、手术开始5 min(t2)、体外循环开始5 min(t3)、体外循环开始15 min(t4)、开放升主动脉5 min(t5)、停机5 min(t6)及手术结束(t7)等时点的肾氧饱和度(RrSO2)、脑氧饱和度(CrSO2)、平均动脉压(MAP)、鼻温、肛温等变化。 结果 t3、t4、t5、t6、t7时的RrSO2、CrSO2高于t0时RrSO2、CrSO2,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。RrSO2与CrSO2呈正相关(r = 0.682,P = 0.000),与MAP呈正相关(r = 0.258,P = 0.061),与鼻温、肛温呈负相关(r = -0.169、-0.166,P = 0.083、0.101)。CrSO2与MAP呈正相关(r = 0.287,P = 0.076),與鼻温、肛温呈负相关(r = -0.177、 -0.180,P = 0.064、0.097)。体循环前、体循环中、体循环后二氧化碳分压、氧分压、血乳酸值、尿素氮值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),进一步两两比较亦无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。 结论 肾氧饱和度监测可以作为一种新的反映肾脏氧合状态的监测手段应用在婴幼儿非紫绀型先心病手术中。
[关键词] 肾氧饱和度;婴幼儿;非紫绀型先心病
[中图分类号] R692 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)06(c)-0154-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the clinical significance of continuous renal oxygen saturation monitoring. Methods Fifty cases 3 months - 3 years old children with acyanotic congenital heart disease accepted surgical treatment from January to November 2017 in Shenzhen Children Hospital were selected. Sufentanil Sevoflurane inhalation combined with tracheal intubation anesthesia were used. At the time point of before anesthesia (t0), 5 min after anesthesia (t1), 5 min after operation (t2), 5 min after cardiopulmonary bypass (t3), 15 min after cardiopulmonary bypass (t4) the beginning of CPB, after open aortic 5 min (t5), 5 min after closing the anaesthesia machine (t6) and ending of the surgery (t7), the renal regional oxygenation saturation (RrSO2), cerebral regional oxygen saturation (CrSO2), mean arterial pressure (MAP), the nose temperature and rectal temperature and other changes were recorded. Results At the time point of t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, RrSO2 and CrSO2 were higher than t0, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). RrSO2 was positively correlated with CrSO2 (r = 0.682, P = 0.000), and RrSO2 was positively correlated with MAP (r = 0.258, P = 0.061), and negatively correlated with nose temperature, rectal temperature (r = -0.169, -0.166, P = 0.083, 0.101). There was a positive correlation between CrSO2 and MAP (r = 0.287, P = 0.076), CrSO2 was negatively correlated with nose temperature, rectal temperature (r = -0.177, -0.180, P = 0.064, 0.097). There was no significant difference in PO2, blood lactate and urea nitrogen before and after systemic circulation after systemic circulation. There was no significant difference in PCO2, PO2, blood lactate and urea nitrogen between before systemic circulation, during systemic circulation, after systemic circulation (P > 0.05), comparison between any two means, the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion Renal oxygen saturation monitoring can be used as a new renal oxygenation monitoring application in infants with congenital heart disease surgery.
[Key words] Renal oxygen saturation; Infants; Noncyanotic congenital heart disease
急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)是由短时间内肾小球滤过率下降引起的一系列不良临床综合征, 有较高的发病率和病死率[1-2]。急性肾损伤(AKI)涵盖肾脏损伤范围更广,较ARF更强调早期诊断和治疗,以改善患者的不良预后[3]。体外循环(CPB)心脏术后发生AKI不仅会使患者短期病死率升高,而且与患者的长期生存率密切相关,影响手术效果和患者预后。肾氧饱和度(renal regional oxygenation saturation,RrSO2)可以实时反映局部肾组织的氧饱和度,是反映肾氧供需状态的重要指标[4]。目前国内关于RrSO2在在婴幼儿非紫绀型先心病手术中的应用报道较少,本研究通过分析儿童非紫绀型先天性心脏病围术期RrSO2表达情況,为预防和减少AKI的发生提供临床和理论依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2017年1~11月在深圳市儿童医院(以下简称“我院”)拟行手术的非紫绀型先心病患儿50例,年龄3个月~3岁,平均(1.02±0.34)岁;男32例,女18例;平均体重为(9.53±4.24)kg;房间隔缺损(ASD)14例, 室间隔缺损(VSD)36例。所有患儿术前平均血压(82.08±16.27)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),心功能Ⅰ~Ⅱ级。患儿平均手术时间(1.52±0.55)h,平均体外循环时间(0.45±0.22)h。术后血流动力学稳定,拔除气管导管入CCU。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会批准,所有患儿的监护人均知情同意并签署知情同意书。
纳入标准:①非紫绀型先心病;②体重变化不超过标准体重的30%;③术前血细胞比容(HCT)≥30%;④无慢性炎症病史;⑤无肺、肝、肾等系统功能障碍。
排除标准:①紫绀型先心病;②术前存在贫血、营养不良等;③凝血功能障碍;③合并其他器官疾病。
1.2 方法
所有患儿术前30 min肌注阿托品0.01 mg/kg,病房建立静脉通路后入手术室。手术室温度体外循环前维持在24~26℃。入室后连接GE Healthcare Finland Oy监测仪,常规监测各项生命体征。麻醉机为Datex-Ohmeda,采用静吸复合+气管插管全身麻醉。麻醉诱导静脉注射丙泊酚(费森尤斯卡比医药公司生产,批号:H20120408)2 mg/kg、苯磺顺阿曲库铵(葛兰素史克公司生产,批号:H20160279)0.1 mg/kg、舒芬太尼(宜昌人福药业公司生产,批号H20054172)1 μg/kg。气管插管调节呼吸参数:新鲜气体流量2 L/min,呼吸频率 24~35次/分,I∶E=1∶2,VT 8~10 mL/kg,吸入氧浓度50%。麻醉维持七氟烷(丸石制药株式会社生产,批号:H20150020)1~1.2 最低肺泡有效浓度(MAC),瑞芬太尼(宜昌人福药业公司生产,批号:H20030197)静脉泵注0.2 μg/(kg·min),根据术中情况酌情追加舒芬太尼及肌松剂。复温后根据需要泵注肾上腺素(福州海王福药公司生产,批号:H35020177)、米力农(鲁南贝特制药公司生产,批号:H10970051)、异丙肾上腺素(上海禾丰制药公司生产,批号:H31021344)等血管活性药物。术毕拔气管导管送心内科监护室(CCU)进一步监护治疗。
1.3 观察指标
术中连续监测并分别记录麻醉前(t0)、麻醉开始5 min(t1)、手术开始5 min(t2)、体外循环开始5 min(t3)、体外循环开始15 min(t4)、开放升主动脉5 min(t5)、停机5 min(t6)及手术结束(t7)等时点RrSO2、CrSO2、平均动脉压(MAP)、鼻温、肛温等参数的变化。记录体循环前、中、后氧分压(PO2)、二氧化碳分压(PCO2)。分别于体循环前、中、后抽取肘静脉血5 mL,采用放免法检测血浆中乳酸、尿素氮值。试剂盒由武汉博士德生物有限公司提供。
1.4 统计学方法
采用统计软件SPSS 22.0对数据进行分析,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;计数资料以率表示,采用χ2检验。对RrSO2与CrSO2、MAP、鼻温、肛温的相关性进行Pearson相关分析。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 各时点RrSO2、CrSO2、SPO2、MAP及体温变化情况
t3、t4、t5、t6、t7时RrSO2高于t0,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。t3、t4、t5、t6、t7时CrSO2高于t0,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。而SpO2、MAP、鼻温、肛温各组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表1。
2.2 RrSO2、CrSO2、MAP、鼻温、肛温之间的相关性分析
Pearson相关分析显示,RrSO2与CrSO2呈正相关(r = 0.682,P = 0.000),RrSO2与MAP呈正相关(r = 0.258,P = 0.061),与鼻温、肛温呈负相关(r = -0.169、 -0.166,P = 0.083、0.101)。CrSO2与MAP呈正相关(r = 0.287,P = 0.076),与鼻温、肛温呈负相关(r = -0.177、-0.180,P = 0.064、0.097)。见图1。
2.3 PO2、PCO2、血乳酸值、尿素氮值分析
体循环前、体循环中、体循环后PCO2、PO2、血乳酸值、尿素氮值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表3。
3 討论
婴幼儿先心病手术造成肾损害的因素是多方面的,包括术前心功能、术中血流动力学的改变,体外循环血液稀释、血流动力学的改变、炎性因子的激活与释放等[5-6]。在围术期特别是体外循环期间,国内尚无有效的实时监测的手段监测肾脏的灌注、氧合情况。近红外线分光仪(NIRS)可通过无创的方式实时测量并显示局部组织下微循环系统中的血氧饱和度(rSO2),该数据对于了解特定部位的血液动力学和灌注状态至关重要,rSO2的降低表明缺血风险的增加以及组织灌注不良,作为术中监测肾氧饱和度的一种新型手段,具有无创,操作简单、反应灵敏、迅速、实时监测等特点[7-9]。国外已有监测新生儿和10 kg以内婴幼儿肾脏局部氧饱和度监测的报道[10],有学者认为RrSO2监测可以了解肾灌注情况[11],有研究证实RrSO2可以用于了解小婴儿肾脏氧合情况,并间接反映肾脏灌注情况[12],另外有人研究了在小儿先心病手术过程中研究RrSO2监测与肾损伤关系[13-16]。国内外科手术中利用NIRS持续监测肾脏局部氧饱和经验较少,本研究旨在从简单的做起,选取50例非紫绀型先心病手术探讨连续肾氧饱和度监测及临床意义。
本组患儿测得诱导时的基础值较正常值低,与患儿基础心脏病有关,患儿室缺、房缺由于缺损处存在双向分流,经腹主动脉流入肾动脉血流为不同程度的混合血流,再加上术前进食、禁饮,术前肌注阿托品等都能引起肾脏代谢、耗氧量增多,而肾血流较少,故肾氧饱和度值较低。
有研究表明,体外循环开始5 min、体外循环开始15 min随血液降温,血氧释放减少及重要脏器的氧代谢率降低[17],所以肾氧代谢降低,加上血液稀释及体外循环动脉PaO2增高,所以RrSO2较体外循环前显著升高(P < 0.01)。当循环恢复后,此时心脏基础解剖学得以纠正,肾动脉血流无混合血流,此时已开始复温,尚未达到正常体温,肾脏氧耗有所增加,仍处于较低水平,故RrSO2处于较高水平。随着体温逐渐恢复,肾脏氧耗逐渐增加,RrSO2也逐渐回落,但仍然高于麻醉前、麻醉开始5 min、手术开始5 min水平。到体外循环结束、手术结束,解剖得以纠正,体温恢复正常,循环稳定,RrSO2较麻醉前、麻醉开始5 min、手术开始5 min高(P < 0.05),接近正常婴儿水平。
RrSO2与CrSO2呈正相关与肾、脑均存在血流自身调节功能有关,在同一手术进程中,所受的调控因素一致,表现出一定的相关性(P < 0.01),与所得的统计结果相符。
RrSO2与MAP、鼻温、肛温无相关性(P > 0.05)。笔者分析得出,RrSO2受综合因素影响,单从温度方面,体温低,肾代谢降低,RrSO2应升高;单从MAP方面,MAP低,肾灌注减少RrSO2应降低;而由于体外循环期间,低体温下MAP也低,所以不能简单的以某一方面去解释体循期间的RrSO2值,故不能单从MAP、鼻温、肛温单方面体现与RrSO2相关性。
笔者研究揭示,血气分析指标与血乳酸值比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。虽然婴幼儿因为解剖和生理上的特点相对容易发生肾功能不全[18],与术前心功能较差导致包括肾脏在内的重要器官灌流不足,造成缺血缺氧关系较大,而本组研究患儿术前心功能Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,体外循环时间较短,对心功能、肾脏等重要器官功能影响有限,加上肾脏自身调节能力,所以血气指标、乳酸及尿素氮指标比较无明显变化。
本研究中,RrSO2值在围术期每一阶段的变化都能以所处的病理、生理状况给以很好的解释,能够很好的反映整个围术期中肾脏氧合情况。参考国外经验[10,19-20],笔者认为RrSO2监测可以作为一项新的监测手段在非紫绀型先心病手术中用于监测肾局部氧合情况。本研究先从相对简单,干扰因素相对较少的非紫绀型先心病手术入手,探讨RrSO2监测的临床意义,为继续研究在紫绀型、复杂型先心病RrSO2监测的应用铺路,以及进一步深入研究RrSO2与肾损伤的相关性,探讨RrSO2对肾损伤预警作用。
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