被动语态大揭秘
2018-08-21江西邱世才
江西 邱世才
英语有主动语态和被动语态之分。当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,谓语动词需要使用主动语态形式。如果句子的主语是动作的承受者,则谓语动词要用被动语态形式。一般说来,只有及物动词或不及物动词加介词(副词)构成的及物性动词短语才有被动语态。相比之下,汉语往往用“被、受、给”等来表示被动的意义。
□考点透视
一、被动语态不同时态的构成
被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成,其中过去分词形式是不变的,be有人称、数和时态的变化,必要时用by引出行为动作的执行者。现以do为例,将常用到的时态形式作一展示:
时态 主动语态 被动语态一般现在时 d o/d o e s a m/i s/a r e+d o n e...一般过去时 d i d w a s/w e r e+d o n e...过去将来时 s h o u l d/w o u l d d o s h o u l d/w o u l d b e d o n e...现在进行时 a m/i s/a r e d o i n g a m/i s/a r e+b e i n g d o n e一般将来时 w i l l/s h a l l d o w i l l/s h a l l+b e d o n e
【注意】在“be+过去分词”结构中,若过去分词为不及物动词时,一般认定为系表结构;在“be+及物动词的过去分词”结构中,若be动词的时态为进行时态或将来时,一般认定为被动语态。例如:
The little girl is gone.这个小女孩不见了。(系表结构)
My car is being repaired now.我的车子正在修理。(被动语态)
二、主动语态与被动语态的互换
1.主动语态变为被动语态
主动语态变被动语态时,应把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语,原来的主语如果有必要保留,则将其改为介词by的宾语(也可省略),谓语动词由主动结构变为被动结构。主动句的时态决定被动句的时态,转变语态后的句子要注意主语和谓语在人称与数上的一致性。例如:
They clean the classroom every day.(主动语态)→The classroom is cleaned(by them)every day.(被动语态)
【注意】一些相当于及物动词的动词短语(动词+介词或副词)也可用于被动语态,使用时将整个短语看成一个动词,而不能拆开来看待。例如:
We can take good care of your child here.(主动语态)→Your child can be taken good care of here.(被动语态)
2.被动语态变为主动语态
被动语态变主动语态时,应把被动句中介词by的宾语变为主动句的主语(如被动句中省略了介词by及其宾语,一般可用we,you,they等作主语),谓语动词改为主动语态,然后把被动句的主语改为主动句的宾语。主动句的时态要与被动句中be动词的时态保持一致。例如:
That house was built by them in October last year.(被动语态)→They built that house in October last year.(主动语态)
三、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”形式构成,情态动词应放在助动词be的前面。例如:
Tables could be made of stone at that time.在那个时候桌子可由石头制造。
More trees must be planted every year.每年必须种植更多的树。
【注意】含有will或shall的被动语态的句子可能属于情态动词的被动语态,也可能是一般将来时的被动语态。判定它们的区别,可以从句子的意思入手。例如:
Waste paper shall not be thrown everywhere.It's our duty to keep our city clean.废纸不应该到处乱扔。保持城市的整洁是我们的责任。(shall not be thrown是含有情态动词的被动语态)
I believe more and more things will be discovered in the future.我相信将来越来越多的东西将来会被发现。(will be discovered是一般将来时的被动语态)
四、被动语态中的复合结构
1.含有双宾语的句子转换为被动语态时,常把指“人”的宾语作为主语,指“物”的宾语保留不动;如果将指“物”的直接宾语作为主语,那么动词的过去分词后要用介词to或for。一般来说,give,show,bring,send,lend等动词与介词to搭配,buy,make,draw等动词与介词for搭配。例如:
The ticket was shown to me by him.票是由他给我的。
The big present was bought for us by Uncle Wang.这件大礼物是由王叔叔给我们买的。
2.在主动句中,对于see,watch,hear,feel等感官动词和make,have,let等使役动词后作宾语补足语的不定式,其后面不带to。但在这些动词后接不定式作宾补的被动语态句中,宾补要被用作主补,不定式要加上省去的to(其中let没有被动语态)。例如:
The students in Grade Three are made to do their homework for more than three hours every day,so they hardly have any time to watch TV.三年级的学生每天被迫做三个多小时的家庭作业,所以他们几乎没有任何时间看电视。
Yesterday afternoon Bill was seen to help a blind man cross the street by Miss King.昨天下午,比尔被金小姐看到他帮助一位盲人过马路。
五、被动语态的高频句式
说话或发表意见时,为了显得客观公正、有理有据,也往往用被动语态来表达。常用的句式有It is said that...据说……;It is reported that...据报道……;It is believed that...人们相信(人们认为)……;It is(well)known that...众所周知……;It is supposed that...据猜测……例如:
It is said that his child is lost.据说他的孩子不见了。
It is known that family name comes first in China.众所周知,在中国,姓氏位于第一。
It is reported that the temperature will decline sharply in one or two days.据报道,近一两日气温将急剧下降。
六、不使用被动语态的情况
1.happen,fall,fail等不及物动词或take place,come out等不及物动词短语,不能用于被动语态。例如:
The story happened(不说 was happened)last year.这个故事发生在去年。
Great changes have taken place in my hometown.我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
2.表示状态的look,smell,sound,feel,taste等连系动词,用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
The chicken smells delicious.鸡肉闻起来美味。
The music sounds very beautiful.音乐听起来很优美。
3.表示“需要”的need,want及表示“值得”的be worth,deserve等词,常以动名词作宾语。这类动词通常用动词-ing的主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
The bridge needs repairing.=The bridge needs to be repaired.这座桥需要修理。
This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。
□考例剖析
1.A baby's first month birthday is a special event in China and______with a special party.
【2017·江西中考题】
A.is celebrated B.is celebrating C.was celebrated D.celebrate
【答案与解析】A 考查时态和语态的应用。主语是“A baby's first month birthday”,它与celebrate之间是被动关系,应用被动语态,由此可排除B项和D项;再结合本句的时态是一般现在时,故用一般现在时的被动语态形式。
2.—Why hasn't Tony come?
—The invitation letter______to Toby by accident.
【2017·苏州中考题】
A.was emailed B.has emailed C.is emailed D.emailed
【答案与解析】A 考查时态和语态的应用。结合上下句可知动作发生在过去,确定用一般过去时。主语“The invitation letter”是email的承受者,故答案应用一般过去时的被动语态形式。
3.The museum______next month to celebrate the Science&Technology Festival.
【2017·上海中考题】
A.is decorated B.will decorate
C.is decorating D.will be decorated
【答案与解析】D 考查时态和语态的应用。the museum和decorate之间是被动关系,应用被动语态。根据时间状语“next month”可知,此处应用一般将来时的被动语态形式。
4.—Mom,can I drive my father's car to the cinema?
—No way!You should not______to drive,because you don't have a driver's license.
【2017·凉山州中考题】
A.allow B.allowed C.be allowed D.are allowed
【答案与解析】C 考查含有情态动词的被动语态。由空格前的should确定,先排除B、D选项。结合语境可知,此处是说“你不应该被允许开车”,故应用含有情态动词的被动语态形式。
5.—Why are you leaving your job?
—I can't stand it any longer.I______always______to work overtime.
【2017·河南中考题】
A.am;asking B.am;asked
C.was;asking D.was;asked
【答案与解析】B 考查在情景中被动语态的应用。ask sb.to do sth.意思是“要求某人做某事”。I作主语,是ask的承受者,因此用被动语态;always表明经常性动作,确定用一般现在时态的被动语态。主语是I,助动词用am,ask的过去分词是asked。
□即时巩固
Ⅰ.根据句意,从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1.This picture______by my cousin last year.
A.draws B.drew C.is drawn D.was drawn
2.—Aunt Li,who is the pretty girl in red in the picture?
—It's my daughter.The picture______10 years ago.
A.took B.is taken C.has taken D.was taken
3.—Why does the earth look blue in space?
—Because most of the earth's surface______by the ocean.
A.covers B.is covered C.cover D.are covered
4.—Have you finished your project?
—Not yet.I'll finish it if I______ten more minutes.
A.give B.am given C.will give D.will be given
5.—What should we do first if we want to develop our village?
—A lot of new roads______,I think.
A.must build B.have to build C.must be built D.have built
Ⅱ.按括号内的要求进行句型转换。每空一词。
1.Sometimes we use smart phones to take pictures instead of cameras.(改为被动语态)
Sometimes smart phones____________to take pictures instead of cameras.
2.My mother bought me a new sweater.(改为被动语态)
A new sweater__________________me.
3.They heard Li Hai sing in the classroom.(改为被动语态)
Li Hai__________________sing in the classroom.
4.We should plant the trees in spring.(改为被动语态)
The trees__________________in spring.
5.A dictionary can be used in the exam by her.(改为主动语态)__________________a dictionary in the exam.