后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗T1a和T1b期肾细胞癌的比较
2018-06-20杨风光黄超许清江余成波叶烈夫
杨风光 黄超 许清江 余成波 叶烈夫
[摘要] 目的 探讨后腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗T1a和T1b期肾癌的安全性与可行性。 方法 回顾性分析2012年1月—2015年12月福建省立医院泌尿外科行RLPN的T1期肾癌86例,根据肿瘤直径分为T1a组65例,T1b组 21例,比较两组的临床资料。结果 82例患者成功行RLPN,4例切缘阳性改肾根治术,手术时间T1a组(27.8±23.0)min,T1b组(176.2±27.0)min。肾缺血时间T1a组(20.2±5.2)min,T1b组(28.1±6.0)min。术中出血量T1a组(49.2±27.2)mL,T1b组(119.0±55.6)mL,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。T1a组术前患肾eGFR无明显变化(P>0.05),T1b组术后患肾eGFR为(37.5±6.9)mL/min,较术前下降约14.3%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05) 。结论 RLPN是T1期肾癌安全有效的治疗方法。
[关键词] 保留肾单位手术;T1b期;肾细胞癌;治疗
[中图分类号] R5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-0742(2018)02(c)-0042-03
Comparison of Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy for Tla and T1b Renal Cell Carcinoma
YANG Feng-guang, HUANG Chao, XU Qing-jiang, YU Cheng-bo, YE Lie-fu
Clinical College of Provincial Hospital of Fujian Medical University (Department of Urology of Fujian Province-owned Hospital),Fuzhou,Fujian Province,35000 China
[Abstract] Objective This paper tries to evaluate the safety and feasibility of retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy(RLPN) in T1a and T1b stage renal cell carcinoma. Methods A total of 86 patients admitted in this hospital from January 2012 to December 2015 were divided into T1a group with 65 cases and T1b group with 21 cases according to the diameter of tumor. Their clinical data were analyzed and compared. Results 82 patients underwent RLPN and 4 patients were converted to radical nephrectomy because of positive surgical margin.The mean surgical time was (127.8±23.0)min in T1a group and (176.2±27.0)min in T1b group, mean cold ischemia time were (20.2±5.2)min(T1a) and 28.0±6.0 min(T1b), and Mean intra-operative blood loss were (49.2±27.2)mL(T1a) and (119.0±55.6)mL(T1b) respectively, the difference between two groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). There were no eGFR change in T1a group before and after operation(P>0.05),and post-operation eGFR were (37.5±6.9)mL/min in diseased side of T1b groups, which were declined significantly (14.3%)when compare to pre-operation(P<0.05). Conclusions RLPN was safe and effective for the treatment of T1 stage renal cell carcinoma.
[Key words] Nephron sparing surgery; T1b stage; Renal cell carcinoma; Treatment
保留腎单位手术已成为治疗T1a期肾癌的金标准,而T1b期肾癌采用保肾手术仍存在争议。该文回顾性分析2012年1月—2015年12月福建省立医院泌尿外科采用后腹腔镜肾部分切除术(RLPN)治疗的86例T1期肾癌,探讨其安全性和可行性,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
采用RLPN治疗的T1期肾癌共86例,年龄28~71岁,T1a组65例,平均年龄(59.7±9.4)岁,平均直径(2.6±0.5)cm;T1b组21例,平均年龄(58.8±8.3)岁,平均直径(5.0±0.7)cm,均为单发肿瘤,无转移。肿瘤直径由CT测量。63例体检发现,20例因腰腹不适及腹胀就诊,3例因血尿就诊,所有患者均行CT增强扫描和肾血管重建(CTA)。使用患者资料均获得患者的同意,并通过伦理委员会的批准。
1.2 手术方法
患者取健侧卧位,气囊法扩张腹膜后间隙,在腋前、后线肋缘下和腋中线髂嵴上放置10 mm穿刺器,T1b期在髂嵴与肋缘连线中点放置5 mm穿刺器作辅助通道;先游离肾动脉,然后沿肾包膜表面充分游离肿瘤,血管夹阻断肾动脉,冰盐水灌注降温并记录血管阻断时间,距离肿瘤边缘0.5 cm剪开肾包膜,锐性加钝性切除肿瘤,3-0可吸收强生倒刺线连续缝合集合系统及缝扎血管断端,再用2-0倒刺线分层缝合肾实质。恢复肾脏血供,检查缝合面后放置肾周引流管。术中取切缘组织行冰冻病理检查,阳性者改根治手术。
1.3 统计方法
使用SPSS 16.0统计学软件进行分析,计量资料(x±s)检验正态性,采用独立样本t检验分析数据,计数资料用[n(%)]表示,通过χ2检验或Fishers确切概率法进行比较,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者基本资料比较
T1a和T1b组患者在性别构成、肿瘤侧别等方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), T1b组有症状的比例多于T1a,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。
2.2 两组围手术期指标的比较
两组均成功行RLPN。T1a和T1b各有2例切缘阳性(3.0% vs 9.5%,P>0.05),改行根治手术,T1b组平均手术时间、冷缺血时间、术中出血量均多于T1a组,有统计学差别。(表2)T1b组术中、术后并发症多于T1a组。(表3)术后随访24~33个月,平均16个月,T1a组2例于术后7、21个月分别发生肺及骨转移,给予靶向治疗,T1b组无肿瘤复发和转移。
2.3 术前后肾功能比较
两组血清肌酐值在术前和术后3个月差异无统计学意义。通过核素扫描比较患肾术前和术后3个月eGFR的变化,T1a组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),T1b组eGFR较术前下降约14.3%。见表4。
3 讨论
NSS是治疗T1a期肾癌的金标准,T1b期肾癌由于肿瘤体积大、与肾血管关系复杂、热缺血时间长等因素,是否采用NSS存在争议。
术前肾CTA血管重建是判断T1b肾癌能否行NSS的关键,对于肿瘤包绕肾动脉主干、或大部分位于肾血管分支之间膨胀生长者不宜选择NSS。该研究显示,T1b肾癌行RLPN,手术时间、肾缺血时间及术中出血量均要多于T1a期,这与文献报道是一致的[1-2]。为在有限的血管阻断时间内完成手术,采用如下方法:术中根据CTA影像阻断肾血流,避免遗漏分支;在剪开肾实质后,由辅助通道置入吸引器,助手持续吸引以保持术野清晰;止血、修补集合系统等均采用倒刺线连续缝合,可有效缩短肾缺血时间。
能否完整的切除肿瘤是T1b肾癌行NSS的争议点,Zhang等[3]报道肾癌切除的边界宽度和局部复发、进展及生存期均无关,Brandao等[4]报道在小肿瘤和超过4cm的肿瘤中NSS后切缘阳性率分别为5.9%vs3.3%,无显著差别;术后局部复发和转移的风险也无区别。该文中T1b组切缘阳性率为9.5%,统计学分析表明与T1a组无差别,数值偏高推测与病例数较少有关。对T1b肾癌采用NSS是可行的[5]。T1b组术中和术后并发症虽高于T1a组,但多属于ClavienⅠ~Ⅱ级,文献报道随着经验技巧的提高,T1a和T1b肾癌行NSS的手术并发症均会趋于下降[6]。
Lane等[7]报道T1期肾癌术前有24~30%存在III期以上慢性肾脏病,即使术前血肌酐正常,术后肾功能年下降率将达4.7%,死亡的风险显著增加,NSS带来的高总生存率得益于肾功能的保护[8]。该研究中T1b组术后患肾eGFR虽有下降(14.3%),但大部分肾功能得到保存。采用后腹腔镜手术的优点在于术中可给予冰水降温,减少肾缺血再灌注损伤,保护肾功能。
综上所述,RLPN是T1期肾癌安全有效的治疗方法,对T1b期肾癌需要根据术前影像学选择合适的病例,并且需要更多前瞻性的研究。
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(收稿日期:2017-11-24)