阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C表达水平及临床价值
2018-04-26王善全刘成洲刘同祥
王善全 刘成洲 刘同祥
[摘要] 目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAHS)患者血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C表达水平及其临床意义。 方法 选择2015年1月~2017年7月在山东省临朐县人民医院(以下简称“我院”)就诊的174例OSAHS患者作为OSAHS组,同时选取我院健康体检者90例作为对照组。比较两组血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C水平,采用Pearson相关分析对同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C与呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)进行相关分析。根据病情轻重将OSAHS患者分为轻、中、重三组,比较三组同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C水平。 结果 OSAHS组血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C均高于对照组,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。Pearson相关性分析显示,血清同型半胱氨,、胱抑素C與AHI呈高度正相关(r = 0.79、0.74,P < 0.01)。轻、中、重度OSAHS组同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C比较,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。进一步两两比较,中、重度OSAHS组高于轻度OSAHS组,重度OSAHS组高于中度OSAHS组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 结论 OSAHS患者血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C表达水平高于正常人群,并与患者AHI呈正相关,可作为辅助诊断及评估OSAHS病情的敏感指标。
[关键词] 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征;同型半胱氨酸;胱抑素C;相关性分析
[中图分类号] R56 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)02(a)-0073-04
Levels and clinical value of serum homocysteine and cystatin C in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
WANG Shanquan1 LIU Chengzhou1 LIU Tongxiang2
1.the Second Department of Respiratory, People′s Hospital of Linqu County, Shandong Province, Linqu 262600, China;2.Department of Emergency, People′s Hospital of Weifang City, Shandong Province, Weifang 261041, China
[Abstract] Objective To explore the expression level of homocysteine and cystatin C in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and its clinical value. Methods From January 2015 to July 2017, 174 patients with OSAHS in People′s Hospital of Linqu County were selected as the OSAHS group. At the same time, 90 healthy people in the same hospital were selected as the control group. The levels of serum homocysteine and cystatin C in the two groups were compared. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation of homocysteine, cystatin C and apnea hypopnea index (AHI). Patients in OSAHS group were divided into mild, moderate and severe OSAHS group according to the severity of the disease and the homocysteine, Cystatin C in the three groups were compared. Results The homocysteine and cystatin C in the OSAHS group were higher than those of control group, with highly statistically significant differences (P < 0.01). Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum homocysteine and cystatin C were positively correlated with AHI, with highly statistically significant differences (r = 0.79,0.74,P < 0.01). There were statistically significant differences in homocysteine and cystatin C among the three OSAHS groups (P < 0.05), the above indicators in moderate and severe OSAHS group were higher than those of mild OSAHS group and those in the severe OSAHS group were higher than those of moderate OSAHS group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Conclusions The level of serum homocysteine and cystatin C in patients with OSAHS were significantly higher than those of normal population and are positively correlated with AHI, which can be used as a sensitive indicator for the diagnosis and evaluation of OSAHS.
[Key words] Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; Homocysteine; cystatin C; Correlation analysis
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)是一种常见的睡眠呼吸障碍疾病,其病因十分复杂,具体发病机制尚未完全阐明[1]。主要表现为夜间睡眠打鼾并伴有呼吸暂停,每次呼吸暂停在10 s以上,并伴有血氧饱和度下降。目前临床上对于OSAHS的诊断主要以患者的临床表现为主,尚缺乏客观的检验指标。有研究表明,由于反复发作的呼吸暂停可导致机体缺氧和高碳酸血症,交感神经兴奋性升高,炎性反应及氧化应激反应增强[2]。血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C与炎性反应及氧化应激关系密切,本研究通过对OSAHS患者血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C表达水平的研究,探讨血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C与OSAHS的关系及临床价值。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2015年1月~2017年7月在山东省临朐县人民医院(以下简称“我院”)就诊的174例OSAHS患者作为OSAHS组。OSAHS诊断标准参考中华医学会呼吸病学分会制订的《阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊治指南》(2011年修订版)[3]:①睡眠中口鼻呼吸气流完全停止>10 s;②呼吸气流强度与幅度比值较基础值降低>50%,同时血氧饱和度较基础值下降>4%;③呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)每小时≥5次。排除恶性肿瘤、严重心肺疾患、脑卒中、炎症性疾病及严重肝肾功能异常者。同时选取同时期我院非OSAHS的健康体检者90例作为对照组。本研究经我院医学伦理委员会批准,患者或其家属知情同意并签署知情同意书。两组年龄、性别、吸烟史、高血压、糖尿病、体重指数(BMI)等一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.01),具有可比性。见表1。
1.2 OSAHS患者严重程度分组
对所有入选OSAHS组的患者采用美国Embla多导睡眠监测仪进行多导睡眠监测,记录患者在7 h睡眠过程中的呼吸暂停次数及低通气次数,计算呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)。AHI是指平均每小时睡眠中呼吸暂停与低通气次数之和。依据《阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征诊治指南》(2011年修订版)[3],根据OSAHS患者病情严重程度,以AHI为标准对OSAHS患者进行再分组:AHI 5~<15次为轻度OSAHS组,AHI 15~<30次为中度OSAHS组;AHI>30次为重度OSAHS组。
1.3 观察指标
所有入选者于清晨空腹,抽取肘静脉血6 mL,应用离心机3000 r/min离心15 min,收集血清进行血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C测定。血清同型半胱氨酸试劑盒购自北京爱必信生物技术有限公司,检测方法为酶联免疫吸附法,仪器为罗氏P800全自动生化分析仪。胱抑素C测定试剂盒购自常州爱复康科技有限公司,采用免疫比浊法,由日本AU-640全自动生化分析仪进行检测。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS 17.0对所有数据进行统计分析,计数资料采用卡方检验。计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组计量资料比较采用单因素方差分析。相关性研究采用Pearson相关性分析。P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C及常规生化指标比较
OSAHS组血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C,明显高于对照组,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见表2。
2.2 同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C与OSAHS的Pearson相关性分析
将OSAHS组患者血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C统计数据与AHI进行Pearson相关性分析,结果显示,血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C均与AHI呈高度正相关(r = 0.79、0.74,P < 0.01)。见图1。
2.3 不同严重程度OSAHS组患者同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C比较
轻、中、重度OSAHS组患者血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C水平比较,差异有高度统计学意义(P < 0.01)。随着OSAHS严重程度的加重,血清同型半胱氨酸、胱抑素C水平逐渐升高,进一步两两比较,中、重度OSAHS组高于轻度OSAHS组,重度OSAHS组高于中度OSAHS组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表3。
3 讨论
OSAHS是一种以夜间睡眠呼吸暂停为主要表现的疾病,呼吸暂停是指睡眠中口鼻呼吸气流完全停止>10 s。低通气是指呼吸气流在睡眠时较基础水平降低超过30%以上,并伴血氧饱和度下降或觉醒。其发病率在40岁以上的人群中约为4%。OSAHS可导致患者低氧血症和高碳酸血症,使患者正常的睡眠状态受到干扰,白天嗜睡、头痛、记忆力下降等[4-6]。大量研究表明,OSAHS是糖尿病、高血压、冠心病、脑卒中等多种疾病的独立危险因素[7-11]。OSAHS具体发病机制尚未完全阐明,可能与氧化应激、炎症因子、内皮细胞破坏等因素有关[12],在上述因素中,血清同型半胱氨酸及胱抑素C均发挥着重要作用。
同型半胱氨酸是一种含硫氨基酸,是蛋氨酸的中间代谢产物。同型半胱氨酸是动脉粥样硬化的危险因素之一,研究表明,同型半胱氨酸可促使巨噬细胞对低密度脂蛋白摄取增加,同时还能氧化低密度脂蛋白,使泡沫细胞增加,参与动脉粥样硬化过程[13]。有研究发现,同型半胱氨酸对内皮有毒性作用,可导致内皮细胞损伤及功能失调,其机制可能是,在同型半胱氨酸氧化过程中产生了自由基[14]。同型半胱氨酸还能降低NO的活性,加速胶原堆积,并促使中性粒细胞和单核细胞黏附于内皮[15]。国外研究表明,同型半胱氨酸水平在OSAHS患者体内显著升高,但具体机制尚不明确[16]。有研究认为OSAHS患者体内的同型半胱氨酸水平升高,可能与低氧及高碳酸血症对同型半胱氨酸代谢过程中的某些酶产生影响有关[17]。本研究结果显示,OSAHS患者血清同型半胱氨酸表达水平比对照组明显升高,且随病情进展逐渐升高。
血清胱抑素C是一种低分子量蛋白质,其编码基因位于人类第20号染色体。于1983年被首次发现,对维持细胞外基质的平衡具有重要作用[18]。胱抑素C在体内比较稳定,不受年龄、性别等影响,能被肾小球滤过,然后在近曲小管再次重吸收,可反映肾小球滤过功能,一开始主要作为评估肾功能的指标,后来研究发现,其表达水平与心血管疾病关系密切[19]。近期国外研究表明,血清胱抑素C在OSAHS患者中呈高水平表达,并与病情的严重程度呈正相关[20]。OSAHS患者血清胱抑素C升高的具体机制尚不明确,有学者认为OSAHS导致患者低氧血症及高碳酸血症,可促使机体交感神经兴奋,下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能紊乱[21]。也有学者认为低氧血症可导致氧化应激和炎细胞因子表达异常,引起血管内皮损伤,胱抑素C调控基因相关蛋白酶含量升高,进而促使胱抑素C大量表达[22]。本研究结果显示,OSAHS患者血清胱抑素C表达水平比对照组明显升高,且其表达水平与AHI呈高度正相关,并随病情进展逐渐升高。
综上所述,本研究认为血清同型半胱氨酸及胱抑素C与OSAHS关系密切,临床上可通过检测血清同型半胱氨酸及胱抑素C水平变化来判断疗效及预后。本研究时间尚短,样本量相对较少,尚需长时间、大样本临床观察予以进一步证实。
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(收稿日期:2017-09-31 本文编辑:王 娟)