比伐卢定联合替格瑞洛治疗ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的临床研究
2018-04-26姜阳郑晓群
姜阳 郑晓群
[摘要] 目的 探討比伐卢定联合替格瑞洛治疗老年ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年6月~2017年9月在我院住院的140例老年(年龄≥60)行直接经皮冠状动脉介入(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI)治疗的STEMI患者,分为两组,观察组68例,术前阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛治疗,术中比伐卢定抗凝;对照组72例, 术前阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷治疗,术中肝素钠抗凝。结果 PPCI治疗后观察组心肌梗死溶栓试验(Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction,TIMI)血流分级TIMI3级比率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。随访1个月,主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)发生率观察组(1.47%)较对照组 (11.11%)降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。出血发生率观察组(1.4%)较对照组(5.6%)降低,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 比伐卢定联合替格瑞洛和阿司匹林的抗栓治疗方案可以改善老年STEMI患者预后。
[关键词] 替格瑞洛;氯吡格雷;经皮冠状动脉介入治疗;急性 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死
[中图分类号] R542.22 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)08-0045-04
Clinical study of bivalirudin combined with ticagrelor in patients with ST - elevation myocardial infarction
JIANG Yang ZHENG Xiaoqun
Ward 4 of Department of Cardiology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian 116000,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical effect of bivalirudin combined with ticagrelor on elderly patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI). Methods A retrospective analysis of 140 elderly (≥60 years) STEMI (segment elevation myocardial infarction)patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) hospitalized in Dalian Central Hospital from June 2016 to September 2017 was conducted. For the two groups, 68 cases in the observation group took preoperative aspirin combined with ticagrelor and intraoperative bivalirudin anticoagulation treatment; 72 patients in control group took preoperative aspirin combined with clopidogrel and intraoperative heparin sodium coagulation treatment. Results The rate of TIMI grade 3(Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction,TIMI) in observation group after PPCI treatment was higher than that of control group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). One month after follow-up, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE) in observation group (1.47%) was lower than that in control group(11.11%), the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The incidence of bleeding in the observation group (1.4%) was lower than that in the control group (5.6%), with no significant difference(P>0.05). Conclusion The antithrombotic regimen of bivalirudin combined with ticagrelor and aspirin can improve the prognosis of elderly patients with STEMI.
[Key words] Ticagrelor; Clopidogrel; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction;
急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction ,STEMI)是由于冠狀动脉内血栓形成导致急性冠状动脉闭塞,起病急、病情重,无论患者是否接受早期再灌注治疗,尽早和充分使用快速、强效的抗血小板药物治疗均可改善临床预后。氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林是常用的抗血小板方案,目前新的抗血小板方案是替格瑞洛联合阿司匹林,替格瑞洛是环戊基三唑嘧啶类药物,ACC/AHA冠心病患者双联抗血小板时程更新指南[1]推荐急性冠脉综合征患者PCI后首选替格瑞洛治疗。本研究入选了140例接受直接经皮冠状动脉介入(primary percutaneous coronary intervention ,PPCI)治疗的老年STEMI患者,新的抗栓治疗策略对比传统的治疗策略,即阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛及PPCI术中比伐卢定对比阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷及PPCI术中肝素钠,观察其临床疗效及安全性。现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1一般资料
回顾性分析我院2016年6月~2017年9月收治的140例行PPCI治疗的急性STEMI患者,根据抗栓治疗策略的不同分为两组,观察组(68例)术中比伐卢定联合替格瑞洛治疗,对照组(72例)术中肝素钠联合氯吡格雷治疗,观察组(66.13±6.35)岁,对照组(65.67±5.98)岁,两组患者在年龄、性别、危险因素、PPCI治疗方式均无统计学差异(P>0.05),具有可比性。纳入标准:(1)参照美国心脏病学会基金会/美国心脏学会(ACCF/AHA)诊断标准[2]确诊的STEMI;(2)发病12 h内行PPCI治疗。排除标准:(1)血液疾病、恶性肿瘤、严重肝肾功能不全、脑出血患者;(2)心源性休克;(3)近期有重大外伤或手术史、活动性出血患者。
1.2 方法
PPCI术前阿司匹林300 mg 口服,观察组替格瑞洛术前180 mg及术后 90 mg,2次/d口服,术中抗凝应用比伐卢定注射液(深圳信立泰药业股份有限公司,国药准字H20110095,0.25 g)动脉穿刺前比伐卢定负荷剂量 0.75 mg/kg静脉注射,之后1.75 mg/(kg·h)的剂量静脉内持续泵入至术后4 h。对照组氯吡格雷300 mg及术后75 mg/d,术中肝素钠注射液(南京新百药业有限公司,国药准字H32025851,2 mL:12500单位),穿刺成功后经鞘管注入100 U/kg。
1.3 观察指标
(1)观察两组患者PPCI术后心肌梗死溶栓试验(Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流;(2)PPCI术后1个月内出现的主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular events,MACE)的发生率,MACE包括再发心绞痛、再发心肌梗死、支架内血栓、心源性死亡;(3)观察出血及其他不良反应。
1.4 统计学方法
采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行数据分析。计量资料以均数±标准差 (x±s)表示,符合正态分布两组之间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以频数和百分比表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1 两组PPCI治疗后心肌梗死溶栓试验血流分级比较
观察组TIMI3级血流比率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表1。
2.2 两组治疗后1个月内的主要心血管不良事件发生率比较
观察两组患者术后1个月内出现的再发心绞痛、再发心肌梗死、支架内血栓、心源性死亡发生率均低于对照组,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),MACE发生率两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
2.3 两组治疗后不良反应
两组均无大出血发生,观察组小出血1例(1.5%),对照组4例(5.6%),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.716,P=0.397)。观察组呼吸困难4例(5.9%)高于对照组1例(1.4%),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.953,P=0.329)。
3讨论
目前STEMI患者常用抗血小板方案为阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷,氯吡格雷是一种前体型药物,需经过细胞色素P450 同工酶的生物转化后才具备抗血小板活性。然而,氯吡格雷抗血小板反应性存在很高的个体差异[3],而高抗血小板反应性与不良心血管事件增加有关,包括支架内血栓[4,5]。替格瑞洛是新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂,费用高,临床应用并不多,但当前欧美和我国的急性冠脉综合征(Acute coronary syndrome,ACS)和PCI指南中双联抗血小板的推荐方案或优先推荐方案为阿司匹林联合一种新型P2Y12受体抑制剂[6-8]。
在一项98例STEMI行PPCI患者的研究中[9],替格瑞洛联合比伐卢定组患者的TIMI血流分级高于替格瑞洛联合肝素组。本研究观察老年STEMI行PPCI治疗的患者,结果显示PPCI治疗后替格瑞洛联合比伐卢定组TIMI3级比率明显高于对照组。随访1个月, MACE(再发心绞痛、再发心肌梗死、支架内血栓、心源性死亡)发生率观察组(1.47%)明显低于对照组(11.11%)。这是由于替格瑞洛是一种直接作用、可逆结合的新型P2Y12受体拮抗剂,与氯吡格雷相比,替格瑞洛具有更快、更强及更一致的抑制血小板效果,不受代谢酶活性的影响,对于急诊PCI具有重要意义[10,11],也奠定了在ACS患者中双抗治疗新策略的地位。PLATO研究[12]STEMI亚组入选的8430例STEMI患者,多数患者接受再灌注治疗,替格瑞洛较氯吡格雷降低心血管事件复合终点风险(9.3%vs11.0%,P=0.02)。
一项1970例口服替格瑞洛的ACS患者资料表明,中国ACS人群应用替格瑞洛安全有效[13]。本研究出血发生率观察组1.5%低于对照组5.6%,分析可能原因如下:(1)对照组常规的普通肝素抗凝,而观察组术中比伐卢定抗凝,比伐卢定作为抗凝血酶原的直接抑制剂,主要通过直接、特异性地作用于和纤维蛋白结合的凝血酶以及游离的凝血酶发挥抗凝作用,半衰期较短,能显著降低抗凝后的出血风险,更适用于需要抗凝治疗的出血高风险人群[14]。近年国内外指南均推荐PCI围手术期应用比伐卢定与肝素具有相同的地位,而在出血高危或肝素诱导的血小板减少患者中,比伐卢定优于肝素[15,16]。(2)替格瑞洛与血小板P2Y12受体可逆性结合,起效快、失效也快,有利于减少出血风险。(3)本研究样本量小随访时间短。本研究老年STEMI患者常并存多个冠心病危险因素,冠脉造影常为多支病变,常为缺血高危出血也是高危,因而只有合理个体化的抗栓治疗方案才能使患者得到临床净获益。
呼吸困难是替格瑞洛的常见不良反应,可能与血浆腺苷浓度增高有關。本研究观察组患者发生呼吸困难为轻度,均发生在1周内,可自行缓解,本研究中呼吸困难发生率观察组5.9%,低于RESPOND研究[17]替格瑞洛组呼吸困难发生率13%。
替格瑞洛的提前停服近来备受关注,在一项院外服用替格瑞洛现状的调查研究中[18],纳入的404例ACS患者,158例(39.1%)一年内提前停药,其中119例更换为氯吡格雷,停药原因中经济原因17.7%,出血事件18.4%,药物可及性原因34.8%,缺血事件并未因为提前停药而增加。PEGASUS-TIMI 54研究[19]中1/3的患者提前停服替格瑞洛是由于非生物性原因,但未阐明停药原因。而在ACSIS研究[20]中,急性心肌梗死行PCI患者,14%患者在出院30 d内停服替格瑞洛。TRANSLATE-ACS研究[21]纳入的8672例急性心梗行PCI的患者,替格瑞洛组患者更换为氯吡格雷或普拉格雷占28.3%。本研究随访1个月所有患者未停服替格瑞洛,与以下几点有关:(1)出院后医生叮嘱患者不能停药;(2)术后1个月内所有患者完成门诊随访频次为1~3次;(3)患者享受口服抗血小板药物的国家医保补助资金;(4)本研究所有患者未发生因替格瑞洛所致大出血或重度呼吸困难;(5)随访时间未到1年。本研究1个月随访期间患者口服替格瑞洛依从性很好,但长期口服是否会有停药或换药取决多方面因素的影响,增加随访频率可以提高患者的依从性。
综上所述,接受PPCI的老年STEMI患者,比伐卢定联合替格瑞洛和阿司匹林的抗栓治疗策略,可以减少不良心血管事件的发生,且有降低出血发生的趋势,改善患者预后,安全性高。本研究不足为单中心回顾性研究、样本量小、随访时间短,长期预后待于大规模多中心随机临床试验证实。
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(收稿日期:2017-12-24)