减重手术治疗肥胖合并阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的研究进展
2018-04-26张若蹊刘殿刚
张若蹊 刘殿刚
[摘要] 肥胖已经成为全世界焦点问题之一,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)是睡眠障碍的一种,在肥胖患者中极为常见。减重手术已经被证实是治疗合并OSAHS的肥胖患者的有效手段之一,然而目前对于减重手术治疗合并有OSAHS的肥胖患者仍旧没有一部指南出台。本文将对减重手术治疗肥胖合并OSAHS的相关最新进展进行综述。
[关键词] 肥胖;超重;阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征;减重手术;综合治疗
[中图分类号] R766 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)02(a)-0035-04
The progress of bariatric surgery treated obesity with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome
ZHANG Ruoxi LIU Diangang
Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
[Abstract] Obesity has become one of the greatest public health concerns and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is prevalent among obese patients. Bariatric surgery has been proved to be a effect strategy for obese patients with OSAHS. However, no related bariatric surgical guideline for OSAHS was found up to now. This article aims at summarizing the progress of the effect of bariatric surgery on obesity with OSAHS.
[Key words] Obesity; Overweight; Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; Bariatric surgery; Multidisciplinary treatment
全世界數以千万计的人群正在遭受睡眠障碍的困扰,而阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)是睡眠障碍中最常见的一种[1]。OSAHS是以反复发作的上呼吸道完全阻塞(呼吸暂停)或部分阻塞(低通气)为特征,患者在睡眠过程中反复出现呼吸暂停和低通气现象,表现为打鼾、反复被憋醒(睡眠中断),睡眠效率明显降低,白天出现嗜睡、记忆力下降,严重者会出现认知功能障碍[2]。我国的OSAHS患病率在4%左右[3]。肥胖[体重超过标准体重的20%或以上,体重指数(BMI)≥28 kg/m2]是OSAHS最重要的危险因素[4]。肥胖患者,特别是拟行减重手术患者,OSAHS的患病率高达60%~83%[5],而在确诊为OSAHS的人群中,肥胖者约占70%。OSAHS的其他危险因素有:性别(男性)、年龄、上气道解剖异常、大量饮酒吸烟、服用镇静药物、甲状腺功能低下、心功能不全、胃食管反流等[5]。
1 OSAHS的诊断
本病诊断手段中最重要的是多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG),而整夜PSG监测(不少于7 h)是诊断OSAHS的金标准[6],其可记录睡眠中平均每小时呼吸暂停和/或低通气次数之和,即呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)或呼吸暂停指数(apnea index,AI)。如无PSG监测条件,可使用便携式监测(portable monitoring,PM),如Apnea Link Plus(ALP)[7]。如患者出现夜间睡眠打鼾,反复呼吸暂停及觉醒,白天有明显嗜睡表现,最常采用(Epworth slee?鄄piness scale,ESS)嗜睡量表来主观评价。同时患者有肥胖,查体发现有上呼吸道解剖异常,如咽腔狭窄、鼻腔阻塞、扁桃体肥大、舌根后坠、小颌畸形等OSAHS危险因素,AHI>5次/h者可以诊断为OSAHS[8]。OSAHS的病情程度可依据AHI进行评判,并注明低氧血症的情况,夜间最低SpO2:AHI 5~15为轻度,AHI 16~30为中度,AHI>30为重度[9]。
2 OSAHS的治疗方法
OSAHS的治疗主要是针对病因及高危因素的治疗。如戒烟戒酒,慎用镇静催眠药物;治疗甲状腺功能低下及胃食管反流等。如为体位性OSAHS(仰卧位AHI/侧卧位AHI≥2)[10],可采用侧卧位睡眠以改善症状。持续气道正压通气(continuous positive airway pressure,CPAP)是OSAHS患者治疗选择的金标准以及减重手术的初始治疗手段[11],其分为标准固定压力CPAP、智能型CPAP及双水平气道正压(BiPAP),以标准CPAP最为常用,CO2潴留明显者建议使用BiPAP[12]。而对于伴有下颌后缩的轻中度OSAHS患者,或CPAP治疗不耐受或失败者亦可采用口腔矫治器进行治疗[13]。有明确上气道口咽部阻塞,可行局部外科手术以缓解阻塞、改善症状,如悬雍垂腭咽成形术(uvulopalatopharyngoplasty,UPPP)等[14]。
肥胖是OSAHS最重要的危险因素,BMI升高6 kg/m2会使OSAHS的发生风险提高4倍[15],所以减重治疗在肥胖合并OSAHS的治疗中被推荐为第一选择。临床上通过对患者进行强化生活方式干预(intensive lifestyle intervention,ILI),包括饮食调整、体力活动、行为治疗以及药物减重,可获得体重减轻从而达到治疗效果,但长期效果较差[16]。如果要获得相对稳定和确实的减重效果以及对相关合并症如OSAHS的治疗,应该行减重手术。
2.1 减重手术治疗肥胖合并OSAHS的机制研究
首先,中心性肥胖(脂肪主要分布于腹部,上半身及颈部)与OSAHS关系比较密切[17]。腹部脂肪的增加,缩小了腹腔的空间,影响膈肌,降低了肺容量[18]。肥胖合并OSAHS的患者颈部脂肪与正常人相比要多42%,从而会引起咽腔狭窄,增加OSAHS的风险[19]。减重手术可以改善肺容量,减少颈部脂肪,增加气道横径,从而缓解AHI。另外的机制可能涉及脂肪细胞产生的相关的激素类物质,如:瘦素(Leptin)。Leptin不仅在体重调节中发挥重要作用(肥胖与高水平的瘦素有相关性,表明存在Leptin抵抗),而且对呼吸中枢有影响。OSAHS患者较非OSAHS患者有明显偏高水平的Leptin[20],Leptin抵抗环境下,较高水平的Leptin可能与OSAHS的病理生理有关[21]。减重手术可以降低肥胖合并OSAHS患者的Leptin水平,从而缓解OSAHS的症状。最近还有研究表明,肥胖/OSAHS与系统性炎症有关[22]。OSAHS的患者体内多伴有促炎因子的释放[23],血清中可有IL-6、TNF-α及受体、C反应蛋白(CRP)等升高。代谢减重手术可以明显减少这些炎性因子的释放[24],并能明显改善胰岛素抵抗[25],从而达到一种抗炎状态,起到缓解OSAHS的作用。
2.2 减重手术治疗OSAHS
对于肥胖合并OSAHS进行减重手术治疗的适应证目前仍无专门的规定,而是在一些指南中被提及。美国内科医师协会(ACP)2013年《成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征临床治疗指南》[26]的推荐意见仅仅提到:所有超重或肥胖合并OSAHS的患者均鼓励进行减重治疗,但未明确什么情况下行减重手术治疗。《中国肥胖和2型糖尿病外科治疗指南(2014)》[27]中规定BMI>27.5 kg/m2的2型糖尿病患者如果合并OSAHS可考虑手术。对于肥胖合并OSAHS的患者,目前报道采用的减重手术可分为限制摄入型手术:如腹腔镜胃袖状切除术(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy,LSG)、腹腔镜可调节胃束带术(laparoscopic adjustable gastric bandage,LAGB);减少吸收型手术:如腹腔镜胆胰旷置和十二指肠转位术(laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch,LBPD-DS);兼具前两者的混合型手术:如腹腔镜胃旁路术(laparosocpic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass,LRYGB)[28]。而目前最为常用术式是LSG和LRYGB。
2.3 减重手术与非手术减重的比较
Ashrafian等[29]对减重手术(主要是RYGB、VBG等)及非手术减重(药物、行为及生活方式的干预)治疗OSAHS进行了系统文献回顾。在减重手术组,BMI降低了14 kg/m2,AHI降低了29次/h,而非手术减重组分别仅有3.1 kg/m2和11次/h,差异有统计学意义。相对于非减重手术,减重手术在BMI及AHI方面显示了更为明显的改善作用。Fredheim等[30]对133例病态肥胖患者(84例合并OSAHS)进行了研究,研究分析表明OSAHS患者的获益来源于体重的下降,而非手术本身。另一60例肥胖(BMI:35~55 kg/m2)伴OSAHS(AHI≥20次/h)患者的2年随机对照研究显示:减重手术组(LAGB)术后体重减轻较传统治疗组体重减轻明显,有显著性差异[31]。该研究还提示:体重下降可引起AHI的降低,但大多数的获益是轻度或中度的体重下降患者,体重进一步下降则AHI改变较小。总之,在减重治疗OSAHS的比较中,手术减重较非手术治疗有相对较好的缓解效果。
3 减重手术治疗OSAHS存在的问题
减重手术在世界范围内得到越来越多的开展,每年手术量达到50万并逐年增加。但减重手术治疗OSAHS的研究相对较少,国内更未见有论著性研究。国外相关研究中,RCT研究数量较少,且病例数均较少,前瞻性研究中最大的病例数也只有197例[32]。各研究的随防时间也大不相同,所以对相关结果的分析应谨慎。有研究显示,行减重手术后4.5个月,患者AHI从40次/h降至11次/h,但7.5年后又升至24次/h[33]。另一研究有相似的结果,术后12个月AHI从56.5次/h降至31.5次/h,而3年后又升高至40.7次/h[34]。随着随防时间的延长,OSAHS加重复发可能性增大,可能是由于术后一定时间体重不同程度恢复或其他原因而引发[35]。而Obeid等[36]的研究结果却不同,在长期的随防中(5年),术后OSAHS的改善结果得到了维持。但有人认为减重术后的体重下降可能在中短期(1~2年)内可维持,所以OSAHS患者在这个时期之后,复发加重的风险可能会随着复胖而升高[37]。此外,各研究的患者准入标准也各不相同,一致性受影响;诊断方法和评价标准也有不同,如对于OSAHS的诊断主要依据AHI,也有用AI或RDI的;术前是否应用CPAP或应用时间也各不相同;PSG为较特殊设备,进行检测相对困难较大,使得术后随访的依从性较差;有多种不同的减重手术方式,相同术式也有腹腔镜或开腹区别等等。以上问题均对研究结果的判定产生一定的影响,所以得出结论需谨慎。针对以上问题,需要更好的入组标准同质、诊断方法一致、细化分层随访时间的随机对照研究来进一步确定代谢减重手术对肥胖合并OSAHS患者的治疗效果。
4 展望和挑战
虽然国内减重外科发展迅猛,但开展多学科协作治疗肥胖合并OSAHS的單位则相对较少。在国内,目前减重代谢外科手术治疗肥胖合并OSAHS仍处于起步和探索阶段,对于手术适应证的判断主要依据2014版《中国肥胖和2型糖尿病外科治疗指南》[27],而无关于肥胖合并OSAHS的指南及规范。
2015年,中國医师协会睡眠医学专业委员会成立了减重代谢外科学组,这是国内治疗肥胖合并OSAHS领域的里程碑,该学组的成立为该领域的经验、学术交流提供了平台。在目前国内外诸多临床证据已经证实减重手术可使肥胖合并OSAHS获益的情况下,仍需更多的临床中心进行大规模、前瞻性的、多学科、多中心的临床研究,进一步积累经验、探索机制并总结规范,使得更多的肥胖合并OSAHS患者得到精准诊断和规范治疗。
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(收稿日期:2017-10-06 本文編辑:刘学梅)