屋檐下的艺术
——观万家大院的“三雕”
2018-04-23王密赵长祥
文/王密 图/赵长祥
○人物雕刻栩栩如生,纤毫毕现。Every figure carving with descriptive quality is as vivid as life.
“三雕”即木雕、石雕和砖雕,是独具中国特色的传统建筑艺术,多以自然万物为题材,通过其形象或谐音寄托人们的精神诉求。漫步在台儿庄古城,于细微处观察这里的一砖一瓦、一木一石,中国传统装饰图案讲究“图必有意,意必吉祥”的特征随处可见。
万家大院是清代中晚期台儿庄“燕、尤、赵、万”四大家中万家的府邸,其豪华程度为城内之最。清亲王将领僧格林沁为剿捻军曾坐镇于此,受到万家盛情招待,因而赐予万家十余岁的后辈七品衔。
走进万家大院,随处都能见到形态各异、寓意丰富的“三雕”图案,题材丰富,形式多样,既有精彩小品,也不乏“鸿篇巨制”,充分将中华民俗文化与儒释道思想融为一体,成为传承中国古老文明的一种载体。更因为其体现了清代纤细繁密的雕刻风格,而成为“三雕”艺术中的典范。
古人对大门的要求很高,被称为“以门为礼”。大户人家通过大门向外人展示生活品位,表达美好意愿。万家大院的门楼分两层,上面的木雕做工精美,雕刻的内容包括诗、琴、书、画,下面是人物,为全家和美、孩童欢愉的形象,展示家庭的祥和美满、富贵幸福;角柱石上的雕刻是“狮子和球”,寓意“世世得逑”;大门两侧的砖雕一面是芙蓉,一面是荷花,象征富贵和谐;垂带石的图案为抬头祈福,步步高升之意;柱础石四面均雕有狮子,寓意“四世同堂”。
走进前院,厢房两侧匾额上的木雕,讲述了万家的发家史。大门内侧的砖雕一边是喜鹊和梅花,寓意“喜上眉梢”,另一边是青青翠竹,寓意“节节高升”。上面花饰斗拱、撑拱和雀替上的木雕,刻有婆媳、公孙和王羲之等人物图案,取其谐音,意为婆媳相惜、公孙相惜、家庭和睦美满。窗子上的木雕为“百福”和“百寿”。房上的鸱吻上还刻有祥云图案,取“祥云落在房子上”的造型,寓意“紫气东来”。
院中,“卍”字纹随处可见。“卍”在梵文中读作“室利靺蹉”,意为吉祥之所集。相传释迦牟尼胸部有此“瑞相”,后来人们普遍将它当作吉祥的标志。唐代武则天将该字规定读作“万”,象征万寿升平、国泰民安、百业兴旺、国富民强。
后院门楼上还雕有松鼠和成串的葡萄,寓意“送子”“多子多福”“人丁兴旺”。旁边还有两个仙童手持如意,意思是“送如意到人间”,祝福这家人“万事如意”。这里的垂带石为南瓜造型,藤蔓相连,寓意子嗣延绵、男丁兴旺。两边窗户的木雕为梅、兰、竹、菊“四君子”,兰象征谦谦君子,菊象征品格高尚,竹象征高雅,梅则象征坚忍不拔。院中砖雕上还雕刻着“二十四孝”的故事。砖雕下面的木雕为松、竹、梅、鹤,松竹梅常被人们称为“岁寒三友”,寓意做人要有品德、有志向、有气节,而“鹤”寓意长寿。窗子上的木雕有倒挂的蝙蝠、花瓶和孩子,倒挂的蝙蝠寓意“福到”,花瓶代表“平安”,孩童象征家丁兴旺、合家欢愉、富贵相传。
○石狮子让宅院更显气派。The stone lions reveal the style of the Mansion.
西跨院墙上的砖雕是《西厢记》图案,讲述张生与崔莺莺这对有情人冲破礼教终成眷属的故事;柱础石上的雕刻是琴、棋、书、画和梅、兰、竹、菊;西南院门上的木雕上为“罄”,下为“鱼”,寓意为“吉庆有余”;西门两侧的狮子,雄狮抓球,意为扭转乾坤;雌狮抚摸小狮子,意为母仪天下。
除“三雕”外,万家大院中还有元宝、金蝉吐水等蕴含吉祥寓意的雕塑小品,院中所植银杏树,也已有300多年树龄。通观整座院落,万家大院以四合院为基本结构,采用青砖青瓦的梁柱式砖木体式,楼高院深,墙厚基宽,设计精巧,雕刻考究,古意盎然,堪称台儿庄古城传统民居院落中的典型代表。
编辑/王雪芃
“T h ree ca r v i ngs” i nc lud i ng wood, stone and brick carving are the traditional architecture with unique Chinese characteristics,w h i c h m o s t l y t a k e n a t u r e a s the theme to stimulate spiritual aspirations through the images.
T h e W a n M a n s i o n i s t h e courtyard of Wan, one of the four big families (“Yan, You, Zhao and Wan”) in Taierzhuang during the m idd le Q i ng D y na st y. It is t he g r a n de s t m a n s i o n i n t h e c it y.Walking into the Wan Mansion,”three carvings of different sizes and rich connotations can be seen everywhere.
The ancient people had very h igh requ i rement for t he gate,which was called as “Taking the gate as manners”. The rich families would like to show their lifestyle to strangers and express good fortune by the gate. The gate includes two floors, the wood carvings on the upper floor are exquisite including poems, musical instruments, books and drawings, while the carving on the bottom f loor are images of happy families which show the wealth and happiness of the family.
With a quadrangle courtyard as the basic structure, Wan Mansion used the beam-post wood and brick frame. Wan Mansion is a huge, highwa l led bu i ldi ng w it h elaborate design, which makes it as a typical example of traditional courtyards in the ancient city, Taierzhuang.