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特发性肺纤维化患者报告结局测评工具文献研究

2018-03-21谢洋赵虎雷王佳佳王明航

中国全科医学 2018年5期
关键词:肺纤维化特发性工具

谢洋,赵虎雷,王佳佳,王明航*

特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF)为出现在成年人中的原因不明、局限于肺、进行性致纤维化的间质性肺疾病[1],IPF发病率逐年上升,致残率、病死率高,严重危害人类健康。欧洲和北美地区发病率为2.8/10万~9.3/10万[2]。2014年欧洲和美国的死亡病例分别为2.8万~6.5万例和1.3万~1.7万例[3]。IPF经济负担沉重,特别是IPF急性加重和住院治疗进一步加剧了医疗负担[4-7]。IPF患者临床常出现慢性劳力性呼吸困难,肺功能下降,导致日常活动能力受限,给患者带来严重心理负担,降低其生存质量[8]。目前,随着社会的发展,患者自身的感受及生存质量成为医学关注的重心之一。2011年美国胸科学会、欧洲呼吸学会等发布了以循证为基础的IPF诊断和治疗指南,提出以减轻症状、改善生存质量为主要管理目标[1]。IPF患者相关测评工具多是基于西方文化和医学背景研制,缺少反映中医疗效优势的IPF测评工具,基于患者报告结局(patientreported outcome,PRO)的测评工具(量表或问卷)是评价患者症状及生存质量的有效途径,能够丰富目前临床研究的疗效评价指标体系,尤其是能够反映中医疗效优势。IPF-PRO的研制及评价已成为研究热点,本文通过既往文献分析目前IPF-PRO测评工具的研制及应用现状,为进一步开展基于我国文化背景的IPF-PRO测评工具的研制提供依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 检索策略 2017年4—6月,计算机检索PubMed、EMBase、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据知识服务平台和维普网;中文检索词为“特发性肺纤维化、测评工具、量表、问卷、患者报告、病人报告、生存质量、生活质量、生命质量”,英文检索词为“idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis、IPF、quality of life、patient-reported outcome、PRO、tool、instrument、scale、questionnaire”。检索时间为数据库建立至2017年3月。同时,查阅纳入文献的参考文献。文献纳入标准:(1)作者明确表明研制量表用于IPF患者的临床疗效评价;(2)量表作为临床研究主要结局指标的测评工具。排除重复发表文献。

1.2 文献评价与筛选 由2位评价者独立阅读文献的题目、摘要,必要时阅读全文,根据纳入及排除标准,剔除不合格文献。对于合格文献,逐一阅读全文,独立提取相关信息,包括第一作者、题目、发表时间、涉及的测评工具及其领域。如意见分歧讨论解决或交由第3位研究者判定,直至意见达成一致。

2 结果

2.1 文献检索结果 本研究初步检索获得文献2 584篇,剔除重复文献后得到1 372篇,通过阅读题目、摘要,必要时阅读全文,筛选出合格文献65篇,其中英文文献27篇[9-35],中文文献38篇[36-73]。IPF-PRO测评工具研究文献最早见于2000年,而国内最早见于2007年。文献检索与筛选流程见图1。

2.2 文献研究内容 关于IPF-PRO测评工具研制、信度考核、效度考核、适用性评价的文献有20篇,其中英文文献14篇[9,11-12,14,17,19,21-22,24-25,27,29,31,34],中文文献 6 篇[36-38,42,50,63]。研究各种治疗措施(吡非尼酮、尼达尼布、肺康复、中医药等)对IPF患者生存质量影响的文献45篇,其中英文文献 13 篇[10,13,15-16,18,20,23,26,28,30,32-33,35],中文文献 32 篇[39-41,43-49,51-62,64-73]。

图1 文献检索流程图Figure 1 Literature screening procedure

2.3 IPF-PRO测评工具概述 文献中涉及IPF-PRO测评工具共23个,根据其适用性可分为普适性、特异性、症状(呼吸困难及咳嗽)特异性量表/问卷。IPF-PRO测评工具涉及的领域主要包括症状(咳嗽、咳痰、胸闷、呼吸困难、疲劳等)、日常活动能力(自我照顾、休闲活动等)、心理情绪(抑郁、焦虑、痛苦等)、社会活动(聚会、工作)、经济状况、疗效满意度(自信心、治疗满意度)等内容(见表1)。

2.4 IPF-PRO测评工具的应用 纳入文献中应用IPF-PRO测评工具共89次,其中中文文献37次,英文文献52次,应用两个以上评价工具的文献有 19 篇[10,13-15,17,20,22,26-29,31,33-35,43,48,62,67]。各文献中应用的测评工具均为国外研制,以圣·乔治呼吸疾病问卷(SGRQ)、健康调查简表(SF-36)、改良版英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难量表(mMRC)较多,国内研制的测评工具尚未得到应用(见表2)。

3 讨论

随着医学模式由传统生物医学模式向生物-心理-社会医学模式的转变,临床越来越重视对患者功能损伤程度和生存质量的评价。PRO测评工具是通过测量或询问患者的感受、态度和行为而获得的定性或定量的量表/问卷,PRO是直接来源于患者对其健康状况和治疗结果反馈的报告,对于患者的反馈,没有医生或者其他任何人对其做出解释。IPF-PRO测评工具为评估IPF患者病情、生存质量变化及疗效提供了客观依据。根据适用范围,IPF-PRO测评工具可分为普适性量表/问卷、特异性量表/问卷和症状特异性量表/问卷,这些测评工具可从症状、活动、疾病对日常生活的影响等多个方面反映IPF患者的生存质量。目前SGRQ、慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试(CAT)、mMRC、SF-36等已经在临床研究中得到了应用,其中SGRQ问卷应用较多,但这些测评工具多基于西方文化和医学背景研制,其中的一些条目并不适合中国文化背景,比如对死亡的恐惧、打高尔夫球等条目,鉴于中西文化的差异,各测评工具在我国的适用性值得商榷。

文献分析显示,国外对IPF患者生存质量测评工具的研制、评价和对不同测评工具的比较研究开始较早。20世纪90年代,已有研究者对评价间质性肺疾病患者生存质量量表的适用性进行了研究,认为SF-36、SGRQ对评价间质性肺疾病患者的生存质量敏感性良好[74]。2010年,国外首先发表了IPF专用测评工具[24-25]。而国内相关研究起步较晚,多数研究者直接引用国外测评工具,对其信度和效度考核、适用性评价以及不同测评工具的比较研究较少。2013年,有研究者对国外测评工具进行汉化,并进行初步的信度、效度考核[62]。2015年,出现特发性肺间质纤维化中医生存质量评价量表[37]。目前,有关IPF生存质量研究的文献不断增加,研究者已经重视医学模式的转变,关注IPF患者心理、社会功能状态以及生存质量。

表1 IPF-PRO测评工具涉及的领域、条目Table 1 Dimensions and items of 23 IPF-PRO instruments in the included studies

表2 IPF-PRO测评工具的应用频次(次)Table 2 Frequency of quality of life scales used in the included studies

目前,国内IPF-PRO测评工具研究基础薄弱、研制流程欠规范,如缺乏对当前文献的系统梳理与总结、缺少概念框架的构建环节等。鉴于此,有必要从两方面开展IPF-PRO测评工具相关研究。其一,遵循国际量表研制规范,联合应用经典测量理论和现代测量理论,研制基于我国文化背景的IPF-PRO测评工具;其二,在取得国外测评工具所有者授权的前提下,按照标准流程进行跨文化调适,并进行信度、效度、反应度考核及适用性评价。

综上所述,当前临床研究多缺乏基于我国文化背景研制的IPF患者相关测评工具,亟须加强能够反映中医疗效优势的IPF相关特异性测评工具的研制。今后可进一步对测评工具相关条目的具体内容进行分析,以便形成条目池,筛选条目,联合应用经典测量理论与现代测量理论对不同测评工具进行比较和相关性分析,以形成适合我国文化背景的IPF患者相关测评工具。

作者贡献:谢洋、王明航进行文章的构思与设计、结果的分析与解释、论文修订,负责文章的质量控制及审校,对文章整体负责,监督管理。赵虎雷进行数据收集;赵虎雷、王佳佳进行数据整理、统计学处理;谢洋撰写论文。

本文无利益冲突。

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