高考真题演练

李华军

作者的观点，是指作者对某事物或某问题的看法。题干中常有think of或opinion等词，具体题干有：

What does the author think of ...？ （2018全国Ⅰ卷）

What is the authors opinion on ...？ （2012年全国课标卷）

作者的观点态度必定会在字里行间流露出来，因此，由相关句段里的表达情感状况的形容词或动词往往能把握作者的观点态度，因此主要用关键词推断法。

（一）

（2012年全国课标卷阅读D篇） Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle， twinkle， little star”or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.

One explanation is the law of overlearning， which can be stated as follows： Once we have learned something， additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it.

In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming， bicycle riding， and playing baseball long after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as“Twinkle， twinkle， little star”and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.

The multiplication tables（乘法口訣表）are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school， because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.

The law of overlearning explains why cramming（突击学习） for an examination， though it may result in a passing grade， is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming， a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination， but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning， on the other hand， is really necessary for ones future development.

1. What is the main idea of paragraph 1？

A. People remember well what they learned in childhood.

B. Children have a better memory than grown-ups.

C. Poem reading is a good way to learn words.

D. Stories for children are easy to remember.

2. The author explains the law of overlearning by_________.

A. presenting research findings

B. selling down general rules

C. making a comparison

D. using examples

3. According to the author， being able to use multiplication tables is_______.

A. a result of overlearning

B. a special case of cramming

C. a skill to deal with math problems

D. a basic step towards advanced studies

4. What is the authors opinion on cramming？

A. It leads to failure in college exams.

B. Its helpful only in a limited way.

C. Its possible to result in poor memory.

D. It increases studentslearning interest.

（二）

（2015年全國Ⅰ卷阅读B篇）The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter， so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota， Florida， my bags were packed before you could say“sunshine.”I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C（维生素C）， thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air， I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools， wine tasting， and pink sunsets（at normal evening hours， not 4 in the afternoon） filled the weekend， but the best part—particularly to my taste， dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables—was a 7 a. m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.

The market， which was founded in 1979， sets up its tents every Saturday from 7 a. m. to 1 p. m.， rain or shine， along North Lemon and State streets. Baskets of perfect red strawberries; the red painted sides of the Java Dawg coffee truck; and most of all， the tomatoes： amazing， large， soft and round red tomatoes.

Disappointed by many a broken， vine-ripened（蔓上成熟的）promise， Ive refused to buy winter tomatoes for years. No matter how attractive they look in the store， once I get them home theyre unfailingly dry， hard， and tasteless. But I homed in， with uncertainty， on one particular table at the Browns Grove Farms stand， full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist. These were the real deal—and at that moment， I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldnt be experiencing again for months.

Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight， my happiness deepened when I learned that Browns Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty， a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton， where—luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night. Without even seeing the menu， I knew Id be ordering every tomato on it.

1. What did the author think of her winter life in New York？

A. Exciting.     B. Boring.     C. Relaxing.     D. Annoying.

2. What made the authors getting up early worthwhile？

A. Having a swim.

B. Breathing in fresh air.

C. Walking in the morning sun.

D. Visiting a local farmers market.

3. What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter？

A. They are soft.           B. They look nice.

C. They taste great.        D. They are juicy.

4. What was the author going to do that evening？

A. Go to a farm.            B. Check into a hotel.

C. Eat in a restaurant.    D. Buy fresh vegetables.

（三）

（2018年全国Ⅰ卷阅读D篇）We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new， but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices（装置）well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment-and our wallets-as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.

To figure out how much power these devices are using， Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life--from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers， basic mobile phones， and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players， smart phones， and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002， before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.

As we accumulated more devices， however， we didnt throw out our old ones.“The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room， and suddenly one day， you have a TV in every room of the house，”said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices--we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team， old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.

So whats the solution（解決方案）？The teams data only went up to 2007， but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function， such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.

1. What does the author think of new devices？

A. They are environment-friendly.

B. They are no better than the old.

C. They cost more to use at home.

D. They go out of style quickly.

2. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research？

A. To reduce the cost of minerals.

B. To test the life cycle of a product.

C. To update consumers on new technology.

D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.

3. Which of the following uses the least energy？

A. The box-set TV.        B. The tablet.

C. The LCD TV.           D. The desktop computer.

4. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices？

A. Stop using them.       B. Take them apart.

C. Upgrade them.          D. Recycle them.

（四）

（天津卷）To err is human. To blame the other guy is even more human.

Common sense is not all that common.

Why tell the truth when you can come up with a good excuse？

These three popular misquotes（戏谑的引语）are meant to be jokes， and yet they tell us a lot about human nature. To err， or to make mistakes， is indeed a part of being human， but it seems that most people dont want to accept the responsibility for the problem. Perhaps it is the natural thing to do. The original quote about human nature went like this：“To err is human， to forgive， divine（神圣的）.”This saying mirrors an ideal： people should be forgiving of othersmistakes. Instead， we tend to do the opposite--find someone else to pass the blame on to. However， taking responsibility for something that went wrong is a mark of great maturity.

Common sense is what we call clear thought. Having common sense means having a good general plan that will make things work well， and it also means staying with the plan. Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm， but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine. Common sense does not seem to be common for large organizations， because there are so many things going on that one person cannot be in charge of everything. People say that in a large company， “the right hand does not know what the left hand is doing.”

And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art？ One of the common problems with making excuses is that people， especially young people， get the idea that its okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary （直接推論） to that： if good excuse is “good”even if it isnt honest， then where is the place of the truth？

1. According to the author， what is a sign of a mans maturity？

A. Doing things his own way.

B. Bearing responsibility for his mistakes.

C. Making as few mistakes as possible.

D. Thinking seriously about his wrongdoings.

2. Which of the following is NOT based on common sense？

A. A man tries to take charge of everything in a large company.

B. A student goes out with an umbrella in stormy weather.

C. A companys next move follows a good plan.

D. A lawyer acts on fine judgments.

3. What is the authors opinion about a good excuse？

A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.

B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.

C. A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.

D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.

4. What would be the best title for his passage？

A. A Mirror of Human Nature

B. To Blame or to Forgive

C. A Mark of Maturity

D. Truth or Excuse

（五）

（安徽卷）Parents should stop blaming themselves because theres not a lot they can do about it. I mean the teenager problem. Whatever you do or however you choose to deal with it， at certain times a wonderful， reasonable and helpful child will turn into a terrible animal.

Ive seen friends deal with it in all kinds of different ways. One strict mother insisted that her son， right from a child， should stand up whenever anyone entered the room， open doors and shake hands like a gentleman. I saw him last week when I called round. Sprawling himself（懶散地躺）on the sofa in full length， he made no attempt to turn off the loud TV he was watching as I walked in， and his greeting was no more than a quick glance at me. His mother was ashamed. “I dont know what to do with him these days，”she said.“Hes forgotten all the manners we taught him.”

He hasnt forgotten them. Hes just decided that hes not going to use them. She confessed（坦白）that she would like to come up behind him and throw him down from the sofa onto the floor.

Another good friend of mine let her two daughters climb all over the furniture， reach across the table， stare at me and say，“I dont like your dress; its ugly.”One of the daughters has recently been driven out of school. The other has left home.

“Where did we go wrong？”her parents are now very sad. Probably nowhere much. At least， no more than the rest of that unfortunate race， parents.

1. What does the underlined word“it”in the second paragraph refer to？

A. The change from good to bad thats seen in a child.

B. The way that parents often blame themselves.

C. The opinion that a child has of his parents.

D. The advice that parents want their children to follow.

2. Which of the following best describes the boy on the sofa？

A. Lazy.B. Quiet.C. Unusual.D. Rude.

3. What can we infer about the parents of the two daughters mentioned in the second example？

A. They pay no attention to them.

B. They are too busy to look after them.

C. They have come to hate them.

D. They feel helpless to do much about them.

4. What is the authors opinion about the sudden change in teenage children？

A. Parents have no choice but to try to accept it.

B. Parents should pay still sore attention to the change.

C. Parents should work more closely with school teachers.

D. Parents are at fault for the change in their children.

（六）

（重慶卷）Throughout the history of the arts， the nature of creativity has remained constant to artists. No matter what objects they select， artists are to bring forth new forces and forms that cause change--to find poetry where no one has ever seen or experienced it before.

Landscape（风景）is another unchanging element of art. It can be found from ancient times through the 17th-century Dutch painters to the 19th-century romanticists and impressionists. In the 1970s Alfred Leslie， one of the new American realists， continued this practice. Leslie sought out the same place where Thomas Cole， a romanticist， had produced paintings of the same scene a century and a half before. Unlike Cole who insists on a feeling of loneliness and the idea of finding peace in nature， Leslie paints what he actually sees. In his paintings， there is no particular change in emotion， and he includes ordinary things like the highway in the background. He also takes advantage of the latest developments of color photography（摄影术）to help both the eye and the memory when he improves his painting back in his workroom.

Besides， all art begs the age-old question： What is real？ Each generation of artists has shown their understanding of reality in one form or another. The impressionists saw reality in brief emotional effects， the realists in everyday subjects and in forest scenes， and the Cro-Magnon cave people in their naturalistic drawings of the animals in the ancient forests. To sum up， understanding reality is a necessary struggle for artists of all periods.

Over thousands of years the function of the arts has remained relatively constant. Past or present， Eastern or Western， the arts are a basic part of our immediate experience. Many and different are the faces of art， and together they express the basic need and hope of human beings.

1. What does the underlined word“poetry”most probably mean？

A. An object for artistic creation.

B. A collection of poems.

C. An unusual quality.

D. A natural scene.

2. Why are Leslies paintings extraordinary？

A. Because they are close in style to works in ancient times.

B. Because they look like works by 19th-century painters.

C. Because they draw attention to common things in life.

D. Because they depend heavily on color photography.

3. What is the authors opinion of artistic reality？

A. It will not be found in future works of art.

B. It does not have a long-lasting standard.

C. It is expressed in a fixed artistic form.

D. It is lacking in modern works of art.

4. What does the author suggest about the arts in the last paragraph？

A. They express peoples curiosity about the past.

B. They make people interested in everyday experience.

C. They are considered important for variety in form.

D. They are regarded as a mirror of the human situation.

答案与解析

（一）说明文。过度学习之后，虽然未再练习，依然驾轻就熟;而突击学习，虽能短期奏效，但很快就忘得一干二净。

1. A 段落大意题。由第一段第一句“Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced still ever since.”可知，选A项。

2. D 写法分析题。由第三段中的三个such as可知，作者用不同的事例来解释过度学习法则。故选D项。

3. A 推理判断题。第四段说我们在学校学到的知识通常会很快忘掉，而乘法口诀是一个例外，这是过度学习的另一个事例（because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood）。即我们能运用乘法口诀是过度学习的结果。故选A项。

4. B 观点态度题。由最后一段的首句“... cramming （突击学习）... is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.” 第二句的“By cramming ... but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.”可知，作者认为突击学习的作用是有限的。故选B项。解题关键词是satisfactory， but， forget等。

（二）記叙文。作者讲述一次外出经历。一个冬天，作者在纽约家中无聊时，得到了去佛罗里达的萨拉索塔度周末的机会，作者兴奋不已。让作者最难忘的去当地的农贸市场，她的最爱是西红柿。

1. B 观点态度题。由第一句The freezing Northeast hasnt been a terribly fun place及第四句中dulled by可推断，作者认为她自己在纽约的冬天生活是“乏味的”，not ... fun， dulled是关键词，故选B项。文中的Northeast是指作者居住的纽约，第三段中的back home in New York也可印证这一点。

2. D 细节理解题。由第一段最后一句the best part ... was a 7 a. m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call（早上7点去逛萨拉索塔农贸市场的经历，已被证明早起太值得了）可知，使作者值得早起的是“去当地的农贸市场”，故选D项。其余选项是无中生有。