巧用课本资源，提高书面表达能力

山东 李秀萍

书面表达是高考的必考题型，所占分值也较大，但向来是令大部分学生头痛的题目。学生在平日学习中也背了不少单词和短语，但由于缺乏实践训练，落实不到纸上，在考试中写作文时往往绞尽脑汁、东拼西凑了一篇“汉式”作文，其中不乏“汉式”表达或各式错误，很难得高分。课本材料是学生学习英语语言知识、语言技能最重要的载体，也是培养学生情感态度和文化意识的得力媒介，因此，只要灵活利用课本上的词汇、短语和句型资源，采用多种方式巧练，把书面表达练习化整为零，融合到每日的英语学习中，就会逐渐消除学生对书面表达的畏惧心理，达到水到渠成的效果。以下是笔者在多年的教学和指导学生备考中行之有效的办法。

一、随堂小练笔

在学完每个单元后进行单元基础知识巩固时，可以在复习学案中设计“随堂小练笔”，对本单元的重点词汇、短语和句型进行巩固练习。

方法一：给出语篇的基本汉意，学生可稍加发挥

例 1： 人 教 版 Book1 Unit 1 Friendship — Anne’s best friend 随堂小练笔

这是我第一次介绍自己学习英语的经历。曾经有一段时间我厌倦学习它。我认为我不可能学好英语，因为我很难记住词汇。在学习英语时，我经历了很多的困难并且遭了很多罪，这使我很郁闷。但是老师很关心我。他建议我养成良好的习惯并且让日记成为我的好朋友。我不妨在日记里记下一系列的感情和事情。正是由于老师的帮助，我静下心来并重拾自信。我对老师为我所做的一切心怀感激。我爱上了英语并且进展得很好。

参考范文：

This is the first time that I have introduced my experience of learning English. There was a time when I got tired of it. I considered it impossible for me to learn it well because I had great trouble in memorizing vocabulary. While learning English, I went through a lot of difficulties and suffered a lot. This made me very upset. However, my teacher was concerned about me. He suggested I should get into a good habit and make my diary my best friend. I might as well set down my feelings and happenings in it. It was because of his help that I calmed down and recovered self-confidence. I’m grateful to him for what he has done for me.Falling in love with English, I’m getting on quite well with it.

对于基础较差的班级，教师可以在练笔前引导学生对要用到的本单元重点词汇和句型进行汉译英复习，从而达到熟悉程度。例如：

词汇：

词汇vocabulary 遭受，忍受suffer

痊愈，恢复recover

短语：

对……厌烦get tired of...

做……有麻烦have trouble (in) doing...

经历，遭受go through

令某人心烦意乱make sb. upset

关心，挂念be concerned about

记下，放下set down

安静下来calm down

因……对某人感激be grateful to sb. for...

爱上…… fall in love with...

与……相处得好get on well with...

句型：

1．是某人第几次做……

It / This is the + 序数词 + time that sb. have / has done...

2．曾经，一度

There was a time when...

3．强调句结构

It is / was + 被强调部分 + that + 剩余部分

4．建议某人做……

suggest sb. (should) do...（虚拟语气）

方法二：提供本单元的重点词汇和句型，要求在练笔中使用一半以上所给出的词汇、短语和句型，学生自己立意，适当发挥

例2：人教版Book 2 Unit 5 Music随堂小练笔

词汇：

musician，pretend，instrument，perform—performance，studio，millionaire，humorous，attractive，confident—confidence，brief—briefly，afterwards，sensitive，painful

短语：

dream of，to be honest，attach importance to，earn extra cash，play jokes on，rely on，be familiar with，or so，break up，in addition，sort out，above all

句型：

1. as if / as though似乎，好像

2. be +adj. + enough + to do... 足够……而可以做……

3. so... that...如此……以至于……

4.prep. + which / whom 引导的定语从句

参考范文：

Li Hua was sensitive to music and showed a great gift for performing as if he were born a talent. He was confident enough to play music in public and always dreamed of becoming a folk musician. He attached importance to being independent and never relied on his parents. Once he formed a band to earn extra cash. They wore false beards to pretend to be the musicians with whom people were familiar. In addition, their humorous performances by playing jokes on each other were so humorous that the fans were all fond of their band. Afterwards, he sorted out attractive music from which he made a record in a studio. A million or so copies were sold out and he became a millionaire.His band broke up finally, but above all, he realized his dream to be a musician.

方法二的练笔方法比方法一的略难一点，需要学生自己选取一个中心或立意，然后展开，并能自圆其说，适合在每册书学完后进行各个单元回顾时使用。

二、课堂口头作文训练

在进行每篇课文的学习过程中，可以选取适当的角度进行口头作文训练，但切忌一下子抛给学生一个题目进行口头作文，这样会吓倒一片。可以根据课文内容特点，教师先采用问题的方式，分步引导学生思考，于潜移默化中一步步地达成目标。

例3：人教版Book 7 Unit 5 Travelling abroad — Keep it up, Xie Lei 口头作文训练步骤

步骤一：学生在小组内就以下问题逐一进行问答或探讨：

1．What are the advantages of studying abroad?

2．What are the disadvantages of studying abroad?

3．If you have an opportunity, would you like to study abroad? Why？

4．If you study abroad, would you prefer to live with a host family or live with other students in an apartment? Why？

可先复习本单元的以下重点词汇：

independent 独立的

knowledge and technology 知识和技术

broaden 拓宽

relaxing 放松的

anxiety 焦虑

communicate with 与……交流

tiring 令人厌烦的，无聊的

alone 独自的

substitute 替代

idiom 成语，习语

atmosphere 气氛

步骤二：课堂上进行小组讨论成果展示，问题1～3 一部分，问题4一部分。

学生很自然地会根据课文总结出出国学习的诸多好处，如：

1．It will help us to be independent.

2．It would be easier to learn a foreign language.

3．It would be easier to learn advanced knowledge and technology.

4．It helps to learn a lot about local customs and broaden our views.

5．It’s fun to live in a new country.

不利之处，如：

1．At first it is difficult to communicate with others.

2．It will cost a lot of money.

3．It may be difficult to live in a new country.

4．If a child studies alone in a new country, he/she has to look after himself/herself.

喜欢与寄宿家庭住在一起的原因：

1．Because I can find a substitute family when homesick.

2．Because I can enjoy a family atmosphere.

3．Because I can ask the host family members for help when I meet with difficult idioms.

4．Because I can cook Chinese food when I miss motherland badly.

不喜欢与寄宿家庭住在一起的原因：

1．Because I can learn to live more independently.

2．Because I can learn how to get on well with others.

3．Because I can experience more new things.

4．Because I can know more about different cultures.

步骤三：每小组选取一人整体展示问题1～4的成果，形成一篇口头作文。

步骤四：课后以“Studying abroad”为中心，完成一篇书面表达。

如果每篇课文都能持之以恒地这样练习，既巩固了本单元的基础知识，也练习了口语和思辨能力，书面表达水平也会在不知不觉中得到提高。在阅读题目的讲评中，如果碰到合适的素材也可以利用这一方法加以训练，从而拓展思维。

三、语法小练笔

可以在每个单元的随堂小练笔中加入本单元的语法功能项目，也可以就某一重要语法进行单独的语法小练笔专项训练。

例4：人教版Book1 Unit 4 Earthquake语法功能项目是定语从句，可以就这一语法结合本单元重点词语进行专项训练。

要求：以下小练笔每句均需使用定语从句

我正打算祝贺王伟取得了进步，他突然大哭起来。他告诉我他的家乡发生了地震，这次地震造成了巨大的损失和损害。好像整个世界到了末日，水管破裂，家具被埋，供电被切断，人们受伤、受困。人们遭受了极端的痛苦，这让我震惊。他处于一种无法集中注意力上课的状态之中。我尽最大努力安慰他：“全国各地都有队伍来营救那里受困的人们。幸存者被挖掘出来并由政府提供了日用品和避难所……”听到这些，王伟逐渐平静下来，从他脸上的表情判断，他感到轻松了许多。

参考范文：

Wang Wei burst into tears, to whom I was about to express my congratulations on his progress. He told me that an earthquake had struck his hometown which caused great loss and damage. It seemed as if the world was at an end where water pipes cracked, furniture was buried, electricity supply was cut off and people were trapped or injured. People were in extreme sufferings,which made me shocked. He was in a sad mood which made it impossible for him to concentrate on his lessons. itried my best to comfort him, “Teams from all the places in our nation have come to rescue the people there who are trapped. The survivors are dug out for whom our government provide shelters and necessities... ” Hearing this, Wang Wei gradually calmed down,from whose expression I can judge that he felt great relief. （文中画线部分均引导了定语从句）

这种语法小练笔既能强化练习本单元的重点词语，又能有效训练本单元的专题语法，一举两得，在实际教学中行之有效，作用立竿见影。

四、英语周记训练

优秀的书面表达一定是源自日常基础词汇、句型及语法知识的积累和坚持不断的训练，因此，每周除课堂上至少要进行两次课堂小练笔外，还要设立周记本，周末进行一次英语周记训练。

每周的周记内容可来源于本周所学单元的内容，并要求尽可能多地使用本单元的基础词语、句型或语法。

例5：人教版Book 8 Unit 2 Cloning 周记训练

可给学生一个较宽泛的题目：I want to clone...

学生自我选择了想克隆的人或物后，自然而然地会陈述自己的理由和克隆后的美好愿景，无论水平高低，人人有的写，写出来又很有趣。

当时我班学生选择的想克隆的人或物五花八门又很有趣：如，比尔•盖茨、自己、已死去的小狗、丢失的一件纪念品……在批阅时我有时忍俊不禁，有时又随着学生的笔触感伤……有一个学生把比尔•盖茨的照片都贴到了自己这篇作文的边上，可见是用了一番工夫。

例6：人教版Book 2 Unit 2 The Olympic Games周记训练

当时学习这一单元时，恰逢我校举行秋季运动会，因此那一周的周记任务就定为“The Autumn Sports Meeting in Our School”。无需教师给出词汇或语法参考，学生借着刚开完运动会的兴奋劲，为了写出一篇像样的作文，自然就无数遍地翻查生词表、翻查课文，直到用上自己满意的词汇或句型为止。

这一种训练方式的好处就是给学生充分的发挥空间，学生的不同思想或思维模式也表现得淋漓尽致，教师在批阅时也怀着一种探险或期待的心情，不至于像批阅考试作文那样千篇一律，有点乏味。

总之，以上四种方法只是本人在教学和备考中的一点心得，仅仅起到抛砖引玉的作用。教无定法，只要教师在平日教学中多挖掘教材，多辟蹊径，书面表达也会像阅读或其他题目一样有趣。