巧用句际关系 ，分析篇章结构

新疆 郝东云

一、引言

高中英语阅读教学是英语阅读教学的特殊阶段。培养学生的阅读理解能力是英语教学的重要目标之一。笔者结合自己在阅读教学中的实践，从培养学生语篇阅读能力的角度，阐释了运用句际关系，分析文本篇章结构在高中英语阅读教学中的适用性和重要性，提出在教学中应该注意运用句际关系，分析文本篇章结构，以此来促进和提高学生语篇阅读能力。

任何一篇文章都由不同的部分组成，都包含着一定数量的段落即语段。语段是由两个及两个以上的句子构成，在形式和内容上与上下文有着密切关系而又相对独立的一段文字，是相互联系的整体，不能将其孤立起来。因此，在阅读教学中，要有意识地培养学生分析阅读文本的篇章结构，准确分析和把握阅读文本段落与段落之间、段落中各句之间的关系，从而掌握整篇文章的要义。语篇结构分析是阅读教学中的重要内容，句际关系又是语篇结构分析的重中之重。本文将从运用句际关系，培养分析阅读文本结构的能力的角度上进行探讨，目的在于提高高中学生的语篇阅读能力。

二、解读篇章结构

篇章结构题要求学生对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括，找出文段的结构，体会作者的写作思路，旨在考查学生加工与浓缩信息的能力。英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想；主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯、逻辑严密。为突出主题，作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。

因此，学生要学会分析文章的篇章结构，把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法，从而达到更好地解读文本、提高语篇阅读能力的目的。

三、如何引导学生对阅读文本进行篇章结构分析

根据阅读教学的一般步骤，笔者在教学实践中运用以下四个步骤进行篇章结构分析教学：

（一）阅读文本中的每篇文章或者每段文字基本上都是连贯的，具体体现在篇章的深层结构上，即：文本的语篇框架。在阅读教学中，引导学生从整体上分析段落与段落之间的关系，在头脑里形成文章框架结构，从总体上把握文章的大意。

例如：（陕西卷）阅读理解部分：

According to sociologists（社会学家），every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification（ 阶层）.Class，power and status are important in deciding people’s rank in society.

Class means a person’s economic position in society. A commonly used classification is lower class，middle class and upper class. While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined，they do describe societies like the United States quite well. One study shows that 53% of Americans belong to the lower class,46% the middle class，and 1% the upper class. Interestingly，a surgeon earning $500000 a year and a bus driver earning $50000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!

Power refers to the amount of control a person has over other people. Obviously，people in positions of great power （such as governors） exercise（行使）big power，but people who take orders from others have less power. Power and class do not always go hand in hand，however. For example，the governor of a state has great power，but he or she may not belong to a corresponding （相应的）economic class. Generally，however，there is a relationship between power and class. To our knowledge，there aren’t too many people who aren’t millionaires in the U.S.Senate!

Status is the honor or respect attached to a person’s position in society. It can also be affected by power and class，but not necessarily so. For example，a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.

题目3:Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text？

本题是篇章结构题。文章第一段总述了三个方面（class，power，status）在定义阶层中的作用，第二段（class）、第三段（power）和第四段（status）分别叙述了它们的作用，文章结构为“总—分”式，所以选择A项。

（二）把握文章的段落结构后，根据句义找出段落的主题句，分清楚段落层次关系，弄清楚所读语篇属于哪种框架结构，进而达到准确把握和分析段落的目的。

例如：（北京海淀区期末）七选五部分：

How to love your parents

Even if you think that your parents are mean-spirited at times, loving your parents is normal and fulfilling part of life. You love them for the fact that they created you，raised you， and are in part a source of who you are. Here are some ways to love your parents.

1 A gentle “good morning ”and “I love you”will warm a coldest heart. Remember that they brought you into this world. Without your parents，we might still wander at an unknown corner in an unknown world.

Respect them more and cherish these moments. You can use these moments to learn from them for when you’re off on your own. It’s OK get angry actions don’t help you or your parents.Act calmly，cool off，journal about your feelings，or talk to a friend. 2 .

Obey their requests. It will make your attitude better and earn you more respect from them. It may seem like you are going through hell when you don’t get what you want or you have to clean . However，you had better remember they keep a roof your head when it’s cold，raining，snowing，or too hot.Understand that parents are human beings and make mistakes.3 . Since you can forgive your friends，why not forgive your parents?

Keep company with them . Do things with your parents like watching TV，or go somewhere with them. 4 . Listen to their old stories and learn from them. You will find they are your teachers in this way or another.

Some people simply may not be able to love their parents.5 . Seek help if you are being abused in any way. Parents do not have a right to harm you.

A.Forgiveness is the key.

B.Tell them you love them every morning.

C.Parents will in turn express their love to you.

D.After this, share your feelings with your parents.

E.Anyway, spend as much time with them as you can.F.Please remember parents are as important as friends.G.There can be realistic reasons for this , family violence for example.

引导学生对本篇阅读文本的框架结构分析如下:

通过题目“ How to love your parents”以及文章段落与段落之间的关系，可以得知爱父母的方式分为四个主要方面（如上图所示）。

通过设题点1后面一句 A gentle “good morning ”and“I love you” will warm a coldest heart. Remember that they brought you into this world.得知都与tell有关，通过例证解释，选项为B。

设题点2与其前一句Act calmly, cool off, journal about your feelings，or talk to a friend是顺承关系，并与段落首句Respect them more and cherish these moments.首尾呼应，可知选项为D。

设题点3与前一句Understand that parents are human beings and make mistakes.是因果关系，和后一句 Since you can forgive your friends , why not forgive your parents?为解释关系，因此选项为A。

设题点4与其前一句 Do things with your parents like watching TV，or go somewhere with them. 为顺承关系，并与首句呼应。选项为E。

设题点5与其前一句为Some people simply may not be able to love their parents. 和其后一句 Seek help if you are being abused in any way . Parents do not have a right to harm you.可知选项为G。

根据段落与段落之间的关系，以及段落句式结构特点的分析，得出问题答案应为：BDAEG。

（三）引导学生分析段落中句子与句子之间的逻辑关系（即：句际关系），构建层次关系，将文字语言转变成结构图。

在实际阅读教学中，我们大致将句际关系分为顺接关系、转折关系、选择关系、因果关系、解释关系、对比关系六种关系。

1.顺接关系（顺承关系或并列关系）。两个或两个以上的句子具有同等、并列的关系，后句是前句的延续或补充，标志词主要有and， what is more， moreover，in addition，first，second，then，after that，furthermore，also，when（this happens），meanwhile等。

2.转折关系。前后两句意思相反，标志词通常有but，however，nevertheless，（al）though， in fact 等。

3.选择关系。表示选择关系的并列连词通常有：or，either...or...，or else， not...but... ，otherwise 等。

4.因果关系。因果关系是指前后两个句子互为因果，前因后果，或前果后因。可能出现的标志词有for，as a result， as a consequence， consequently，therefore，accordingly，contribute to， thanks to，due to，owning to 等。

5.解释关系。解释关系指后面的句子对前面的句子作解释、引申或例证，使意思更加具体。衔接词有for example，for instance，“take...as an example”等。

6.对比关系。对比关系说明前后内容的相同之处，可能出现similarly，like 等标志词；对照关系则说明前后内容的不同之处，标识词通常有as a contrast，on the contrary，on the one hand...on the other hand 等。

教师在引导学生分析句际关系时，可以通过一些句际关系的衔接词，分析这段文字的层次关系，为了更加直观的展示层次关系，可以将文本信息转换成结构图，旨在帮助学生弄清楚句与句之间的层次关系（即：句际关系）。

例如：（湖南长郡中学月考二）阅读理解部分：

Every country has its heroes. The heroes are the people the nation and especially the young people admire. If you get a list of the heroes of a nation, it will tell you the potential of that nation.

If today in America, you ask the high school students to list their heroes, their choice would probably fall into three groups.The first group of heroes would be the rock stars —the people connected with rock music. There is no doubt that such people do have talent but one wonders if one should hold up rock stars as a model. The rock stars too often are involved with drugs and their personal life is not all that good. The rock stars are rich and wear the latest fashion styles. However, one should seek more in a hero than such things as money and good clothes.

A second type of hero for the American youth is the sports star. Again you have a person who has a great ability in one area— SPORTS. However, too often the personal life of the sports star is a bit of a mess. Too frequently drugs and drinking are a part of life of the sports star.

A third type of hero is the TV or movie star. This person may have lots of acting talent and is quite handsome. However,the personal life of too many actors is quite sad and they should not be held up as a model for young people.

Today, the rock star, the athlete and the actor all have become the models of the youth in America. Really, do you hear a young person say that his hero is a doctor, a teacher, or a scientist?These people are not rich and do not wear fashionable clothes.However, they are talented people who work hard to make the world a better place for everyone.

What is really sad is that the young try to imitate their heroes. They like to wear the same clothes and follow their styles.If the heroes of today for the American youngsters are only rock stars, athletes and actors, the future does not look too bright.

1. The hero discussed in this article means a person ______.

A. who has done something brave

B. who plays an important role in a play

C. whom people greatly admire

D. who rides the waves and moves with the tides

2. What is true of the groups mentioned in this article?

A. They are not fright but are good-looking.

B. They are rich but are strict with themselves.

C. They are talented in some area but lead an indecent life.

D. They are perfect in every way.

3. American young people will not admire ______.

A. a university professor

B. a popular singer

C. a football player

D. a film actress

4. According to the writer, people should hold up as their model those______.

A. who are rich and wear the latest fashion clothes

B. whose personal life is good

C. who can express people’s feelings

D. who work in the interests of the people

5. What is the writer’s attitude towards American youth’s admiration for their heroes?

A. He is understanding.

B. He is critical.

C. He is angry.

D. He is uninterested.

教师引导学生梳理本文语篇结构如下：

通过文章的段落层次之间的关系，以及段落内部句际关系（However表示转折关系）分析得知问题的选项为：CCADB。

（四）引导学生用篇章结构的整体概念以及句际关系进行口头或书面表达练习。在通过“整体把握篇章结构”“构建段落层次关系”“分析段落内部句际关系”“理解同层次关系的衔接手段”之后，教师应该精心设计活动，引导学生运用所学的句际关系的知识，形成口头或笔头的表达能力，完成完整的语篇结构写作过程。

例如：人教版必修一第二单元的Warming-up部分，可以让学生进行头脑风暴活动，为书面表达部分做铺垫。

以“Do you think traveling is good for us?”为中心，构建语篇结构如下：

运用所学的句际关系衔接词，完成语篇的写作。这种活动的构思有利于激发学生参与课堂实践活动的兴趣，并使学生在语言运用过程中把握篇章结构、理解句际关系，促进语言知识的内化，并提高我们的语言运用能力。

四、结语

为了更好提高学生语篇阅读能力，在教学过程中，教师要强调以学生为主体，鼓励学生参与分析、归纳、总结等过程。此外，教师要注意教学的趣味性，以多种教学方式灵活运用篇章结构知识和句际关系进行文本分析，抓住其整体结构，从而增强学生的语篇意识，提高学生阅读、分析、理解、赏析语篇的能力。

总之，教师要从语篇结构、句际关系分析的角度出发，以阅读教学为落脚点，将阅读文本的篇章结构、句际关系分析理论运用于高中英语阅读教学，突出阅读教学的实践性。