浅谈三大结构转换成非谓语的考查形式

安徽

英语语法中的主谓结构、动宾结构和系表结构经常以非谓语的考查形式出现在高考试题中，主要检验学生对非谓语动词的正确使用，非谓语结构是高考考查的重点之一。考生在平时做题时，常常对这三大结构模糊不清，因此失分较多。笔者在日常的教学过程中对这三大结构的用法非常关注，对此深有体会。本文结合非谓语动词高考考点对其结构和作用归纳总结如下：

一、主谓结构：Subject（主语）+Verb（谓语）

在主谓结构中，主语由名词或代词充当，是谓语动词动作的执行者。也就是说这个动作是由主语发出来的，所以我们称之为主谓结构。在主从复合句中，我们通常可以通过现在分词（短语），把从句中的谓语转换成非谓语形式，从而使原来的复合句变成简单句。原来从句中的动词在简单句中就不能作谓语，而是作非谓语。此结构主要是关于非谓语动词的正确使用，考查考生对现在分词（短语）作定语或状语的正确运用，而且现在分词（短语）表示主动或动作正在进行。现在分词（短语）作定语时，相当于一个定语从句；现在分词（短语）作状语时，就相当于一个状语从句。

1.The man who speaks English fluently is our English teacher.①可转换为 The man speaking English fluently is our English teacher.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，who引导定语从句，who speaks是主谓结构。变为简单句②时，可转换成现在分词短语speaking English fluently，在句子中作定语，表示主动。

2.The ship went down into the deep sea, which killed all the people on board.①可转换为 The ship went down into the deep sea, killing all the people on board.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，which引导定语从句，which killed是主谓结构。变为简单句②时，可转换成现在分词短语 killing all the people on board，在句子中作结果状语，表示主动。

3.When he played football, he had his foot broken.①可转换为 Playing football, he had his foot broken.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，when引导时间状语从句，he played是主谓结构。变为简单句②时，可转换成现在分词短语playing football，在句子中作时间状语，表示主动或动作正在进行。

注意：在主从复合句中，当从句是状语从句，且主句的主语和从句的主语相同时，就可以把从句的主语和从句连接词一同省略，从句中的谓语动词用现在分词表示，表明主语是这个现在分词动作的执行者，表示主动或动作正在进行。该句也就转换成了简单句。

4.I consider that he is working hard at his English all the time.①可转换为 I consider him working hard at his English all the time.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，that引导宾语从句，he is working是主谓结构。变为简单句②时，可转换成现在分词短语 working hard at his English all the time，在句子中作宾语补足语，表示主动。

二、动宾结构：Verb（谓语）+Object（宾语）

动宾结构就是动词后接宾语。宾语一般由名词或代词构成，是谓语动词动作的对象。在主从复合句中，我们可以用过去分词或过去分词短语，把从句中的谓语转变成非谓语形式，从而使原来的复合句变成简单句。原来从句中的动词在简单句中就不能作谓语，而是作非谓语。该结构主要考查考生对非谓语动词的正确使用。考生要掌握过去分词（短语）作定语、状语或宾语补足语的正确用法。需要注意的是，当这个结构中的宾语提前时，动宾结构中的动词要用过去分词，表示被动或动作已经发生。

1.The meeting which was had yesterday is very important.① 可 转换为 The meeting (which was) had yesterday is very important.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，which引导定语从句，谓语是was had，与主语the meeting构成被动关系。变为简单句②时，可转换成过去分词短语had yesterday在句子中作定语，表示被动且动作已经发生。

注意：在主从复合句中，当从句是定语从句，关系代词who，that或which作从句的主语，而且who，that或which后面有be动词时，就可以把关系代词who，that或which连同后面的be动词一同省略。该句也就转换成了简单句。

2.The meeting which is being had now is very important.① 可 转 换 为 The meeting (which is) being had now is very important.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，which引导定语从句，谓语是 is being had，与主语 the meeting 构成进行时的被动关系。变为简单句②时，可转换成现在分词的被动式being had，在句子中作定语，表示被动且动作正在进行。

3.The meeting which will be had tomorrow is very important.① 可 转 换 为 The meeting to be had tomorrow is very important.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，which引导定语从句，谓语是 will be had，与主语 the meeting 构成一般将来时的被动关系。变为简单句②时，可转换成动词不定式短语to be had tomorrow，在句子中作定语，表示被动且动作将要发生。

4.If I am given enough time, I can do it better.①可转换为 (If I am) Given enough time, I can do it better.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，if引导条件状语从句，谓语是am given，与主语I构成被动关系。变为简单句②时，可转换成过去分词短语given enough time，在句子中作状语，表示被动。

注意：在主从复合句中，当从句是状语从句，且从句的主语和主句的主语相同，从句的主语后面有be动词时，就可以把从句的主语、主语后面的be动词和从句连接词一同省略。该句也就转换成了简单句。

5.Yesterday I found that the boy was beaten black and blue.①可转换为 Yesterday I found the boy beaten black and blue.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，that引导宾语从句，谓语是was beaten，与主语the boy构成被动关系。变为简单句②时，可转换成过去分词短语 beaten black and blue，在句子中作宾语补足语，表示被动或动作已发生。

三、系表结构：Link Verb（系动词）+Predictive（表语）=Predicate（谓语）

该结构主要是关于分词（短语）或形容词（短语）作表语时的正确使用，考查考生对非谓语结构或形容词（短语）作表语的掌握程度。当我们把系表结构中的系动词去掉时，该结构在句子中就不能作谓语，而原先作表语的现在分词（短语）、过去分词（短语）或形容词（短语）就变成了定语、状语、宾语补足语或主语补足语。原先的句子就由主从复合句转变成了简单句。

1.The man who is seated by the door is our teacher.①可转换为 The man (who is) seated by the door is our teacher.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，who引导定语从句，系表结构be seated作谓语。变为简单句②时，可转换成形容词短语 seated by the door，在句子中作定语。

2.The girl who is dressed in a red coat is my little sister.①可转换为 The girl (who is) dressed in a red coat is my little sister.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，who引导定语从句，系表结构be dressed 作谓语。变为简单句②时，可转换成形容词短语 dressed in a red coat，在句子中作定语。

3.The students who were present at the meeting were all from No.1 Senior Middle School.① 可 转 换 为 The students(who were) present at the meeting were all from No.1 Senior Middle School.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，who引导定语从句，系表结构were present作谓语。变为简单句②时，可转换成形容词短语 present at the meeting，在句子中作定语。

4.As she was determined to go to a key university, she decided to work much harder.① 可 转 换 为 (As she was)Determined to go to a key university, she decided to work much harder.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，as引导原因状语从句，系表结构be determined作谓语。变为简单句②时，可转换成形容词短语 determined to go to a key university，在句子中作状语。

5.While he was born in Shanghai, he worked and lived in Beijing.①可转换为 (While he was) Born in Shanghai, he worked and lived in Beijing.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，while引导让步状语从句,系表结构was born作谓语。变为简单句②时，可转换成形容词短语born in Shanghai，在句子中作状语。

6.I found that all the children were relaxed on the beach.①可转换为 I found the children all relaxed on the beach.②

【分析】句①为主从复合句，that引导宾语从句，系表结构were relaxed作谓语。变为简单句②时，可转换成形容词短语 relaxed on the beach，在句子中作宾语补足语。

四、该结构在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题中的考查

1.（2018年全国卷Ⅲ，完形填空，44改编）On March 19, Dennis got a group text informing him that a couple he didn’t know were at the hospital, waiting for the arrival of a baby.① 可 转 换 为 On March 19, Dennis got a group text which/that informed him that a couple he didn’t know were at the hospital, waiting for the arrival of a baby.②

【分析】句①为简单句，现在分词短语informing him在句子中作后置定语，表示主动。变为主从复合句②时，可转换成由which/that引导的定语从句，informed作谓语。

2.（2018年全国卷Ⅲ，完形填空，53改编）He turned up at the hospital bearing gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy.①可转换为 He turned up at the hospital and he bore gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy.②

【分析】句①为简单句，现在分词短语bearing gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy 在句子中作伴随状语，表示主动。变为句②时，可转换成并列句，he是主语，bore作谓语。

3.（2018年全国卷Ⅲ，完形填空，57改编）Teresa posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website accompanied by the touching words: ...① 可 转 换为 Teresa posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website which/that was accompanied by the touching words: ...②

【分析】句①为简单句，过去分词短语accompanied by the touching words在句子中作后置定语，表示被动。accompanied与前面的名词a photo构成了逻辑上的动宾关系：accompany a photo。变为复合句②时，可转换成which/that引导的定语从句，was accompanied是被动语态，作谓语。

4.（2018年全国卷Ⅲ，短文改错，72改编）Everyone was silent, waiting to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.①可转换为 Everyone was silent, who was waiting to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph aloud.②

【分析】句①为简单句，现在分词短语waiting to see...在句子中作状语，表示主动。变为句②时，可转换成由who引导的定语从句，was waiting作谓语。

5.（2016年全国卷Ⅰ，语法填空，66）But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter(permit)to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.①可转换为 But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, when I was the first Western TV reporter who/that was permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.②

【分析】permitted。句①为简单句，过去分词短语permitted to film a special unit在句子中作后置定语，表示被动。permitted与前面的名词the TV reporter构成了逻辑上的动宾关系：permit the TV reporter。变为主从复合句②时，可转换成由who/that引导的定语从句，was permitted是被动语态，作谓语。

6.（2015年全国卷Ⅰ，语法填空，68）A study of travelers _______(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.①可转换为 A study of travelers which/that is conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.②

【分析】conducted。句①为简单句，过去分词短语conducted by the website TripAdvisor 在句子中作后置定语，表示被动。conducted与前面的名词study是逻辑上的动宾关系：conduct a study。当宾语 study提前时，conduct和study就构成了被动关系。变为主从复合句②时，可转换成由which/that引导的定语从句，is conducted是被动语态，在句子中作谓语。

7.（2015年全国卷Ⅰ，语法填空，70）Abercrombie &Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.①可转换为 Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people who/that live in Shanghai and Hong Kong.②

【分析】living。句①为简单句，现在分词短语living in Shanghai and Hong Kong在句子中作后置定语，表示主动。变为主从复合句②时，可转换成由who/that引导的定语从句， live作谓语。

8.（2015年全国卷Ⅱ，语法填空，61）The adobe dwellings (土坯房 ) _______ (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.①可转换为 The adobe dwellings which/that were built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.②

【分析】built。句①为简单句，过去分词短语built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest在句子中作后置定语，表示被动。主语the dwellings与动词build之间为逻辑上的动宾关系：build the dwellings。变为主从复合句②时，可转换成为由which/that引导的定语从句，were built是被动语态，作谓语。

综上所述，三大结构在非谓语动词考点中的运用主要出现在完形填空、语法填空和短文改错题中，且试题有一定难度，所以学生在复习、备考这一知识点时可以通过句型转换加强练习。在训练中逐渐加深理解，争取不留死角，稳中求胜。学生不仅仅要掌握这一知识点，更要学会灵活运用。只有这样，学生才能做好题，做对题。