例析初中英语故事类文本结构的有效生成与利用
2018-01-22曹志华
曹志华
摘 要: 本文通过分析一节故事类文本课例的问题及介绍改进过程,用实例介绍了通过师生互动提取与有效利用文本结构的途径。
关键词: 故事 文本分析 文本结构 互动 生成
一、背景介绍
笔者结合多年的教学及课堂观察发现,传统的阅读教学常常课前跟读、齐读书后词汇表,读前一幅幅互不联系的图片教单词,读中教师讲解难点,有时翻译难句甚至整篇文章,两遍读用四选一、补全表格或回答问题形式从文章直接找到答案的细节问题,再核对答案。两次读的问题只涉及浅层理解,没有层次性;忽视读中边读边提取信息、处理信息的过程;忽视文本的结构框架及内在的逻辑关系;更谈不上文本的深层理解与教师指导下不断深入探究主题意义的过程。针对上述教学设计与实施的模式化、表面化、碎片化问题,笔者申请了北京教育学院院级课题“基于文本分析的中学英语阅读教与学的策略的研究”,在北京郊区城镇及市区普通校进行课例尝试。本文以北师大版八年级上Unit 5 Lesson 14为例,着重介绍阅读故事类文章时如何利用信息组织图有效生成与利用文本结构,进行主题意义探究的教学尝试。
二、文本结构内涵及优势
美国阅读专家莫提默.J.艾德勒和查尔斯·范多伦(2016)在《如何阅读一本书》中指出:“将书中重要篇章列举出来,说明它们如何按照顺序组成一个整体的架构。”他们还指出任何一本值得读的书都有其组织架构,不同题材和体裁书籍的篇章结构各自有特点。这有助于读者了解一本书各个部分之间的有机联系、作者的架构规划,进而整体、深入地理解文本意义。每篇文章都是如此。读者可以提取文章的重要信息,并找到能体现其内在联系的语篇架构。提取文本结构时可以利用graphic organizer(信息组织图),该信息组织图能把头脑里一大堆散乱知识转换和压缩成结构化的图表,用简单方式呈现复杂知识,实现了文本内容的结构化、逻辑化和阅读过程中思维的可视化,同时培养了分析、归纳能力和思维的逻辑性。graphic organizer表现形式多样,具体使用时不拘一格。storyboard就是文本结构的一种形式,即故事的六要素:when,where(setting),who(character),why,what,how,适用于故事类文本。下面以北师大版八年级上Unit 5 Lesson 14为例谈谈如何利用文本结构实施故事教学。
三、课例的初步呈现、分析与建议
授课内容选自北师大版八年级上Unit 5 Lesson 14。授课对象为北京大兴区兴华中学仰山校区初二的学生。读中Step 1学生速读课文根据故事情节排序(EX 2 on P56)。
分析与建议:第一次读应该提出涉及大意的问题,故事事件的排序只是通过scanning按文章顺序找到就可以,属于字面理解,且即使能够找到答案也不能表明理解了句子内容。What is the main idea of the first paragraph? What about the second one and the third one? 或者Read to check your prediction。
Step 2学生精读课文,标划语言点和难点,小组分享后全班分享。
建议:该步骤应该放在阅读理解步骤5后,语言点的学习应该结合语篇情境,且应该与主题意义探究紧密结合。
Step 3引出过去进行时并联系生活实践进行小组练习。
建议:该语法操练脱离本课语篇内容,第一课时着重语篇主题意义探究,语法操练还是建议放在第二课时,且应结合语篇内容。采访没有用过去进行时,教学目标里要求学生用过去进行时。过去进行时不是课标要求会运用的项目,第一课时就要求会用要求过高。
Step 4帮助学生完成“房”形文本结构,屋顶是题目,房屋when/where/who/what, beginning/middle和end及对应的情感,地基from then on。
建议:该部分应该放在第一遍大意理解之后即步骤2之后。“房”形文本结构没有实际意义,适宜论说性文本,凸显论据支撑论点的逻辑关系,不适合故事类文章,建议用按时间轴呈现的一系列动作所构成的情节即storyboard。而且前面两段是类似结构,可以让学生自行仿照第一段的方法,独立完成第二段后互动交流完善,培养学生自主学习能力和使用英语交流合作能力。
另外,学生阅读时教师把房型图写在黑板上,没有体现在教师指导下通过师生互动提取信息的生成过程,后面讲课时也没有用到该圖,没有引起学生的关注。初次运用时,可以让学生在书上表示连续进行动作的短语下面画线,然后师生互动时逐步板书生成文本结构,让学生感受如何提取文本结构。待学生较熟悉文本结构后,可以让学生边读或边画线/边填,然后师生交流互动反馈,且文本结构的一系列动作及其体现的情感、态度或观点应该对应。
师生互动交流回答预测问题时教师即时生成板书。T: What is the first paragraph about? S: Amy helped Carrie when Carrie fell off her bike on the cold snowy morning. T: What about the second one and the third one? S: Carrie let Amy share her book in the classroom. They became good friends. T: What is the story about? S: Its about how Amy and Carrie helped each other and became friends.
T: When did the story happen? S: On a cold snowy morning first day.... T: Guess,how did she feel? S: She was worrying about a lot of things. 教师继续追问学生从文中找到的证据、线索。T: How do you know that? S: I was walking slowly and worrying about a lot of things. Why did the writer say:“there werent many people,”之后继续读验证学生的预测,并让学生画线标出所发生的事。然后师生互动交流,T: What happened on her way to school? S:passed me riding on ice, fell off, tried to get up, fell, went over helped her, said “thank you”, rode away, warmed, made me feel less nervous,一系列动词构成一连串动作,体现了Amy帮助Carrie 的过程。
推断性的问题(inference question)帮助学生预测下文,激发阅读兴趣,使学生积极思考,并设身处地站在Amy的视角,感同身受地体会Amy的处境心情,更深入地理解文章内容。Guess,What was she worrying about on the first day at a new school on such a snowy day? What may happen on such a day? Why was she walking slowly? 开放性问题有助于培养发散思维能力,发散思维能力是创新思维能力的基础。
学生程度好的话,可以问联系学生生活实际(text-to-self)的问题,让学生反思自己的类似经历、体验。这种读者的个性化生活体验(personalization)有助于深入了解文章,也为后面让学生仿照本文介绍自己的相关经历做好了铺垫(scaffolding),同时做到了学以致用。When did you go first go to school? Where did you go? How did you feel on your first day at a new school? Why? What did you worry about at that time?教师还可以让学生体验Amy及Carrie一系列动作的伴随情感、感受。How did Amy/Carrie feel?通过提问Why did happen?让学生体验动作之间的关系,一个动作是如何引发另一个动作的?让学生感受动作之间的逻辑关系,引导学生找出散乱各处的句子之间的意义联系,理解句间的逻辑关系。这常常需要用到前面提到的推断策略(inference)。 如T: Why did Carrie fall? S: She was riding quickly,and she was riding on ice on a snowy morning. T: Why did she so? S: Probably she was in a hurry. Why did Amy know that Carrie needed help? S: Because Carrie was trying hard to get up, but she failed again.
教师还可以引导学生从人物的行为、言语、表情等方面并结合环境推断人物的品质,让学生学会有理有据地表达自己的观点,这是学生需要发展的非常重要的能力。What do you think of Amy/Carrie? Why? Amy was kind and helpful. How do you know? Because she helped without thinking, she was eager to help. Carrie was polite and thankful because she thanked Amy with a smile. 再如Why did the writer tell us “there were not many people on the road”?On such a cold snowy early morning, it is just natural that if people did not have anything urgent to do, they would not come out. So the writer gave us the hint that Amys help was important and necessary as there were few people on the road and Carrie failed to get up by herself first. 需要注意的是很多问题其实都是开放性的,学生可以进行个性化的解读,而不是只有一个标准答案。师生互动交流过程中,教师即时生成板书如图所示。
学生程度好的话,还可以问一些联系自己(text-self)的问题,联系自己的生活实际,反思类似的经历、体验。这种结合读者个性化的生活体验(personalization)的解读一方面有助于深入了解文章,另一方面为后面让学生仿照本文介绍自己的相关经历做好了铺垫(scaffolding),同时真正做到了学以致用。When did you go first go to school? Where did you go? How did you feel on your first day at a new school? Why? What did you worry about at that time?
對于第二段可以让学生仿照第一段方法自主学习,再师生一起交流互动。先写出故事的几个要素:场景(setting),含时间、地点,人物(character),一系列动作或事件(got to,led me to,asked me to sit down,looking at,didnt dare to,look at,use a different text, not have a copy, wonder what to do, appear, share, the girl I helped, good friends.),结果(result),以及两个女孩的感受或评论。同样在师生的对话交流中完成下列文本结构。如果学生层次较低,就可以参考第一段分步骤在老师的指导下完成,先写出基本要素再写出感受与评价。
T: How did Amy feel when they shared the book at the end of the paragraph? S: She felt surprised. T: What clue can you find for that? S:What a surprise!教师在完成字面理解后可以问推断性问题(Inference question)。如教师可以接着追问:Why did Amy feel surprised? S: Because probably she had never expected that she would ever meet the girl. 教师还要引导学生从不同人的视角(different point of views)观察、思考同样的人或事件,以期对人和事物形成全面的判断。T: How would Carrie feel at that time? S:She must be surprised too, and happy. T: Why? S: Probably she never expected to meet the girl again, either. And she must be pleased to meet the girl, too, as the girl had helped her. 从这里可以点出主题:两个人意外相遇彼此互助,同时收获了友谊。因此,Helping each other also helps oneself. If everyone helps those in need, we will have a better world.
联系自己What did you do on your first day at school? How did you feel? How should we help new students? What should we do for them? What do you think of Amy and Carrie? And why? Amy was kind and helpful because she helped Carrie when Carrie fell down and couldnt get up at once. Carrie was polite and friendly because she smiled and thanked Amy. Why did Carrie fall? Maybe she rode quickly and there was ice. Why did she ride quickly on such a day? Maybe because she would be late if she didnt hurry. Did Amy know Carrie when she helped Carrie? Did she know that she would be in the same class as Carrie? She helped someone she didnt know, a stranger. How did she feel after she helped Carrie? If Amy didnt help Carrie, would Carrie share her book with Amy? What did Amy think of her help? What does “this small event” mean?
We need to communicate with each other and help one and another. Helping others also helps oneself.
四、結语故事类文本教学应注意的问题:
1. 故事类文本教学时,文本分析时要找出故事体裁的语篇结构框架:setting (when and where),character (who),problem,一系列的动作或情节,solution,以及感悟或感受。故事类语篇常常有地点线索,时间线索,动作线索/情节线索,常常伴随情感线索和评论。在文本分析的基础上,我们可以用语块(language chunks)展示文本结构,这样有利于把握文本结构和主要内容及其表达方式,形成结构化的知识,发展归纳、分析等逻辑思维能力。
2.可以结合不同的体裁和题材的文本给出学生框架。例如故事类文本的即setting (when and where),character (who),problem,一系列的动作或情节,solution,感悟或感受。这样在活动过程中有助于引导学生学会发现问题、提出问题、运用语言解决问题等。
3.读前应该在深入的文本分析的基础上明确教学目标。文本分析不是越繁杂越好,分析是为教学设计服务的。活动设计的问题多数是由于文本解读不当或缺失造成的。
4.词汇的教学最好在语篇中进行,可借助上下文。也可以通过两人间不断增加的实物图片和词组预教单词,并引导学生猜测故事情节并说出做出某种猜测的原因。
5.要引导学生利用文本结构梳理出故事的主要情节和动作线索,并思考之间的因果关系,大意与细节的关系,情感与伴随动作等之间的关系。在此基础上通过人物的动作、语言、表情等分析主要人物的性格特点,感悟、品味作者的写作意图、目的。
6.提取文本结构时对语块的利用有利于学生掌握搭配、用法,有助于引导学生始终注意发展对语言的敏感性,整体把握语言,提高语言的运用能力。
7.教师要在学生理解文本内容、写作方式等的基础上,引导学生结合生活体验就书中的人物,事件、作者的意图等做出价值判断、评价。培养正确的人生观和价值观,在掌握语言的同时达到学科育人的目的。教师还要引导学生对表现人物和事件的遣词造句、布局谋篇等写作方式进行评价,从而培养学生的评判式思维能力。
8.要始终引导学生以主题意义的探究为主线,依托语篇语境,通过教师引导下基于系列化问题的师生互动活动,实现与本文互动、与作者互动,在互动中生成对文本的理解、升华,在听说读写综合语言实践活动中运用阅读策略,在活动中发展学生的听说读写等综合语言运用能力,发展学生的深层思维能力。
参考文献:
[1]莫提默·J.艾德勒, 查尔斯·范多伦, 著.郝明义, 朱衣,译.如何阅读一本书[M].北京:商务印书馆,2004.
课题信息:本文为北京教育学院院级课题“中学英语阅读教与学的策略的实践研究”的研究成果之一。