生殖支原体耐药位点与治疗研究进展
2018-01-16苏晓红
李 洋 苏晓红
生殖支原体(Mycoplasmagenitalium,Mg)的基因组大小约为0.58 Mb,GC含量为31.7%,截至2017年2月,其有功能注释的基因为557个,共编码507种蛋白质[1]。Mg是能够维持自我生存的最小微生物。基于循证医学的证据,Mg与非淋菌性尿道炎、宫颈炎、盆腔炎、早产、自发性流产及直肠炎相关,此外尚能加速艾滋病病毒的传播。但无足够证据表明与男性不育症及生殖道肿瘤存在关联性[2-8]。Mg的诊断手段包括:培养法、免疫学检测及分子检测法。培养法包括SP4培养基培养[9]、Vero细胞培养[10],前者培养时间长达1~5个月,后者也需3周左右,且阳性率均低,可用于开展相关基础实验研究,但无临床实用价值。免疫学检测手段主要是基于脂结合膜蛋白的酶联免疫吸附试验检测法(LAMP-ELISA)[11],其特异性较高,但结果判定受干扰因素多,限制了其应用。值得临床推广的检测手段包括DNA及RNA检测技术,其中RNA检测有较高的推广前景,其具有取样便捷、灵敏度高、特异性好的特点,因检测的是在活的病原体中表达的RNA,从而避免了检测已经死亡病原体DNA会出现干扰疗效判定的缺陷,值得临床推广[12]。Mg的感染率因调查的目标人群不同而差异较大,在非淋菌性尿道炎患者中比例约为6%~50%[13],普通人群中感染率低于5%[14]。
1 生殖支原体耐药机制及耐药基因位点的探讨
因Mg无细胞壁,β-内酰胺类、万古霉素等对其无效。主要的治疗药物包括四环素类、大环内酯类及喹诺酮类药物。(1)一般认为支原体属对四环素类药物耐药与tetM基因有关,tetM基因编码一种核糖体保护蛋白,属tet基因家族,家族其他成员亦可编码同类蛋白,从而干扰四环素类药物与核糖体的结合。Mg的四环素类耐药确切机制研究匮乏,尚不能明确是否由tetM基因介导。(2)Mg大环内酯类耐药机制相对明确,大环内酯类药物可与病原体23S rRNA相关区域结合,干扰病原体的蛋白质合成,其中阿奇霉素15元环的结合位点在2058、2059(大肠埃希菌编码)。上述位点的突变可以导致Mg出现阿奇霉素耐药。(3)Mg喹诺酮类耐药机制亦较为明确,主要与病原体拓扑异构酶II、IV有关,拓扑异构酶能够催化DNA链的断裂和结合,从而控制DNA的拓扑状态。Mg相关位点突变后可导致喹诺酮类药物与该酶结合障碍,从而出现耐药。
1.1 大环内脂类耐药位点突变情况探讨 在PubMed与emBase数据库中以主题词“mycoplasma genitalium”“23S rRNA”进行文献检索,共检索到18篇文献对23S rRNA耐药相关位点突变情况进行了研究[15-32],目标人群主要为性病门诊就诊的患者,其2058、2059位点的突变率从0~100%,跨度较大。希腊的Gesink等[19]于2012年发表的一项研究发现,26名Mg阳性患者23S rRNA耐药相关位点全部发生了突变,其中17例为:A2058G;9例为:A2059G。但该研究样本量较小,结果可能具有一定局限性。其余17篇文献中,突变的最高比例为47.1%[29]。其中样本量最大的是来自丹麦[28]的一项调查,对1008例Mg阳性患者进行耐药相关位点的测序发现,35.5%样本出现23S rRNA耐药相关位点突变。仍需指出,理论上L4与L22基因可能与Mg耐药有关,但相关研究发现上述基因多为无义突变,在导致Mg耐药过程中作用有限[20],暂无相关分子流行病学资料。Pond[24]与Chrisment[15]曾利用Mg基因分型技术对23S rRNA突变株进行了小样本的进化分析,无足够证据支持其为克隆传播。暂未检索到我国地区Mg大环内脂类药物耐药的有关流行病学数据。
1.2 喹诺酮类耐药位点突变情况探讨 Mg对喹诺酮类药物耐药机制相对复杂。原因由于第三代与第四代喹诺酮药物的作用靶点不同。三代喹诺酮主要干扰parC基因产物,四代喹诺酮对gyrA与parC基因产物都较强的抑制作用。一项使用三代喹诺酮药物-环丙沙星进行的体外诱导耐药实验发现, 耐药株parC与parE基因在耐药相关决定区发生突变,而gyrA基因没有出现突变[33]。对临床样本进行喹诺酮类耐药相关位点突变情况进行研究的文献较少,且均为小样本量研究。澳大利亚的Tagg等[20]于2013年对143例Mg阳性患者样本进行检测发现,仅1例出现gyrA突变,parC突变比例达到15.4%。日本[29]2015年一项针对女性性工作者的研究发现,21份Mg阳性样本中parC突变比例为36.8%,未对gyrA进行检测。暂未检索到我国地区喹诺酮类耐药相关的流行病数据。
2 生殖支原体感染的治疗
2.1 四环素类药物 多西环素既往一直作为治疗非淋菌性尿道炎的一线经典药物。体外实验表明多西环素针对Mg具有良好的抗菌活性,最小抑菌浓度为0.01~0.05 μg/mL[34]。但早先多项研究发现,多西环素对Mg感染导致的非淋菌性尿道炎治疗效果令人沮丧,治疗Mg感染失败率约为68%[35-37],但其治疗失败机制不明,尚不清楚是否与Mg携带tetM质粒相关。
2.2 大环内酯类药物 阿奇霉素一直作为指南中推荐用于治疗明确为生殖支原体感染的NGU患者的一线药物。其体外最小抑菌浓度仅为0.002 μg/mL[38]。有两种治疗方案可供临床医生选择,1 g顿服的1日疗法或1.5 g的5日疗法[39]。Read等[40]于2017年发表的一项针对两种治疗方案比较的回顾性研究发现,1.5 g的五日疗法并没有显示出更好地治疗效果,也没有减少阿奇霉素诱导耐药株的出现。2015年一项针对阿奇霉素治疗Mg的meta分析共纳入文献21篇,总体生物学清除率为77.2%。亚组分析显示:自2009年起阿奇霉素有效率出现明显下降,从85.3%下降至67%[41]。今后在大环内酯类药物中有望取代阿奇霉素治疗的药物可能是Solithromycin,该药物是由Cempra制药公司研发的新一代大环内酯类抗生素,Jensen等[42]对40株生殖支原体(其中包括15株耐阿奇霉素株)进行了体外药敏实验发现,94%的Mg和85%的耐阿奇霉素株均对该药物敏感,MIC仅为≤0.001 μg/mL,目前该药物已经进入IV期临床实验。
2.3 喹诺酮类药物 目前喹诺酮类药物在临床上用于微生物感染治疗的主要是第3代、第4代药物,代表药分别是左氧氟沙星及莫西沙星。左氧氟沙星体外最小抑菌浓度为1~2 μg/mL[38],临床研究也表明其治疗Mg感染效果不佳[43]。司帕沙星虽然是第3代喹诺酮类药物,但是其MIC为0.05~0.2 μg/mL,具有较好的体外抗Mg活性[38],但缺乏足够的证据佐证其实际治疗效果。目前四代喹诺酮类药物莫西沙星是作为指南中唯一推荐用于治疗生殖支原体感染的二线药物,其体外MIC为0.02~0.1 μg/mL[44],其治疗效果曾十分卓越。但随着该药物使用越来越广泛,近年已经出现了治疗失败病例,Couldwell等[21]于2013年首次报道了莫西沙星治疗Mg感染失败的病例,其中13例阿奇霉素治疗失败的病例接受了莫西沙星400 mg日1次,连用10天的治疗,最终有4例患者治疗失败,但未进行相关耐药位点的检测。随后相关治疗失败的研究陆续报道,我们[45]于2017年对莫西沙星治疗Mg的情况进行了总结,meta分析显示,莫西沙星总体生物学清除率为96%。但亚组分析显示自2010年起该药物治疗有效率从100%下降至89%,这一情况需要引起学界的足够重视。喹诺酮类药物中西他沙星未来可能具有较好的应用前景,其体外MIC为0.01~0.125 μg/mL。基于小样本量的研究显示,西他沙星能够治疗莫西沙星治疗失败的病例[46],但尚无大样本研究加以佐证,且该药物目前在我国尚未上市。
2.4 其他药物 普那霉素,又称原始霉素,属氨基糖苷类抗生素[47]。是继万古霉素、替考拉宁之后的一种抗多重耐药菌的抗生素,一般用于治疗危重症多重革兰氏阳性菌感染。其作用机制为阻遏细菌核糖体,影响细菌蛋白质合成,与大环内酯类无交叉耐药性。Bissessor等[48]使用普那霉素治疗了6例莫西沙星治疗失败的Mg感染患者,全部获得成功。但因其来源困难,且副作用较大,临床上尚难推广。
3 结语
目前我国尚无生殖支原体感染的治疗指南可循,2016年发表的欧洲指南[49]可供临床医生参考:1、无并发症患者建议给予阿奇霉素1.5 g的5日疗法或交沙霉素500 mg日3次,连用10天。2、若能行阿奇霉素耐药相关位点检测、且出现突变,可直接给予莫西沙星400 mg日1次,连用7~10天。3、若给予一线药物阿奇霉素、二线药物莫西沙星治疗仍失败患者,可给予多西环素试治,普那霉素作为最后一线药物可供选择,治疗方案为1 g日4次,连用10天。4、若患者出现盆腔炎、附睾炎等并发症,可直接给予莫西沙星治疗。需指出,上述治疗方案是否适用于我国临床治疗的实际,尚待进一步的临床疗效观察加以佐证。总体而言,我国目前Mg感染领域相关的临床研究尚少,亟待完善。
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