彩色多普勒超声对类风湿性关节炎腕关节病变的应用价值
2018-01-12瞿庆红罗利飞
瞿庆红+罗利飞
[摘要] 目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对类风湿性关节炎腕关节病变的应用价值。 方法 选取在我院就诊的类风湿性关节炎患者共50例作为观察组,选择同期在我院健康体检人员50例为对照组。两组均接受彩色多普勒超声检查腕关节,观察并比较两组关节腔滑膜结构及滑膜内血流情况的差异。 结果 观察组患者的腕关节滑膜厚度明显大于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者腕关节滑膜增厚、关节腔积液及骨质破坏百分比均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);观察组患者腕关节滑膜内血流信号丰富百分比明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者腕关节滑膜动脉血流RI值明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论 彩色多普勒超声能较好地显示类风湿性关节炎腕关节病变情况,能为临床早期诊断及治疗提供客观的依据。
[关键词] 类风湿性关节炎;腕关节病变;彩色多普勒超声;应用价值
[中图分类号] R445.1;R593.22 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2017)33-0102-04
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the application value of color Doppler ultrasonography in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis wrist lesions. Methods A total of 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were admitted to our hospital were selected as the observation group. 50 healthy subjects who received physical examination during the same period of time were selected as the control group. Both groups were given color Doppler ultrasound for the examination of the wrist, and the differences of synovial membrane structure and synovial blood flow between the two groups were observed and compared. Results The thickness of synovial membrane of the wrist joint in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); the percentage of wrist joint synovial thickening, joint effusion and bone destruction in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01); the percentage of abundant signals of blood flow in the synovial membrane of the wrist joint in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05); the RI value of synovial arterial blood flow in the wrist joint in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Color Doppler ultrasonography can better show the rheumatoid arthritis wrist lesions, which can provide an objective basis for clinical early diagnosis and treatment.
[Key words] Rheumatoid arthritis; Wrist lesions; Color Doppler ultrasonography; Application value
類风湿性关节炎是一种慢性、以炎性滑膜炎为主的自身免疫性疾病,好发于中年女性,其病情反复发作,导致关节的不可逆损伤,直接影响患者的日常生活[1,2]。类风湿性关节炎发病原因至今不明,如不及时治疗,致残率高,严重影响患者的生活质量。早期诊治能够明显改善患者预后,减少残疾的发生和经济的浪费,但早期诊断类风湿性关节炎较困难[3,4]。近年来有研究显示彩色多普勒超声能够很好地反映关节及滑膜病变,在诊断类风湿性关节炎方面具有一定的价值[5-8]。本研究采用彩色多普勒超声检测类风湿性关节炎腕关节情况,探讨其在类风湿性关节炎诊断中的应用价值,现报道如下。endprint
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
选取2016年1月~2017年1月期间在我院就诊的类风湿性关节炎患者共50例为观察组。纳入标准:符合1987年美国类风湿病学会制定的类风湿性关节炎诊断标准[9]。排除标准:(1)腕关节外伤或手术史;(2)长期服用激素类药物。选择同期在我院健康体检人员50例为对照组。两组在年龄分布、性别构成等方面比较差异不明显(P>0.05),具有可比性。见表1。
1.2检查方法
两组均使用彩色多普勒超声检查腕关节,彩色多普勒超声仪器使用Vivid 7超声诊断仪器(美国GE公司),超声探头选择7.5 MHz高频超声探头,检查模式选择关节模式。所有被检查者均取仰卧位或坐位,手臂伸直,充分暴露腕关节,使用灰阶超声模式观察并记录腕关节滑膜情况,包括关节腔有无积液、关节面是否光滑、骨质有无破坏,并在滑膜最厚处检测滑膜厚度。采用彩色多普勒超声模式检测腕关节滑膜内血流情况,观察滑膜内血流信号,嘱患者平静呼吸,对患者滑膜动脉血流进行取样,取样框宽度选择2~3 mm,取样线与血管夹角小于30°,根据血流频谱测量阻力指数(RI)。采用相同方法检测对侧腕关节,所有记录数值均测量3次,取平均值为最终测量结果。观察两组关节腔滑膜情况,并同时检测两组腕关节滑膜内血流情况。
1.3观察指标
1.3.1 腕关节滑膜情况 包括滑膜厚度、滑膜有无增厚、关节腔有无积液、骨质有无破坏。其中滑膜厚度≥3 mm为滑膜增厚。
1.3.2 腕关节滑膜血流信号分级[10] 0级:滑膜内未见血流信号;Ⅰ级:滑膜内可见1~2处点状血流信号;Ⅱ级:滑膜内见较多血流信号,呈短条状,小于滑膜面50%;Ⅲ级:滑膜内可见多处血流信号,呈树枝状或网状,超过滑膜面50%。其中血流信号丰富=Ⅱ级+Ⅲ级。
1.3.3腕关节滑膜动脉RI检测 对患者滑膜动脉血流进行取样,取样框宽度选择2~3 mm,取样线与血管夹角小于30°,根据血流频谱测量滑膜动脉RI。
1.4统计学方法
采用SPSS18.0 for windows软件对资料进行统计学分析处理,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1两组腕关节滑膜情况比较
观察组患者腕关节滑膜厚度大于对照组(P<0.05),腕关节滑膜增厚、关节腔积液及骨质破坏百分比均明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。见表2。
2.2两组腕关节滑膜内血流情况比较
观察组患者的腕关节滑膜内血流信号丰富百分比明显高于对照组(P<0.05),观察组腕关节滑膜动脉血流RI值低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3及图1。
3讨论
类风湿性关节炎是风湿病中最常见的类型,在我国发病率达到0.3%,是造成我国人群丧失劳动力与致残的最主要原因[11,12]。有研究显示如不及时治疗有75%以上的患者会在3年内出现残疾,给患者身心造成严重的损害,同时也会给患者家庭及社会带来沉重的经济负担。早期诊断及治疗是改善患者预后的关键,有研究显示患病前三个月是治疗的最佳时间,被称为治疗的窗口期[13,14]。以往临床上诊断类风湿性关节炎往往依靠临床症状及血清类风湿性因子等实验室检查,诊断准确性较高,但诊断时往往病程时间已经较长,部分患者甚至已经致残,错失最佳的治疗时机[15,16]。类风湿性關节炎早期表现为滑膜充血及水肿,随着滑膜增生和血管翳的逐渐形成,对关节软骨和软骨下骨质的侵蚀作用进一步加深,最终导致关节硬化和畸形,X线检查对早期病变及软组织病变的诊断具有局限性,近年来随着MRI的出现,MRI检查成为诊断类风湿性关节炎最有效的辅助检查手段,但价格昂贵,难以在临床广泛使用[17,18]。寻找更为合适的辅助检查手段为临床早期诊断类风湿性关节炎提供有效帮助成为临床关注的热点。
彩色多普勒超声是临床最常用的辅助检查仪器,具有快速简便、可重复、经济实惠等优点,但以往彩色多普勒超声较少应用于骨关节疾病的诊断[19-21]。近年来,随着彩色多普勒超声仪器的不断更新及骨骼肌肉超声诊断的进步,彩色多普勒超声对骨关节的分辨率得到较大的提升,超声能很好地分辨关节组织,清晰显示关节软骨、 关节间隙及关节腔等解剖结构,其在类风湿性关节炎诊断及治疗中的应用价值受到关注[22-24]。腕关节是类风湿性关节炎最早累及的关节,因此,采用彩色多普勒超声检测腕关节成为早期诊断类风湿性关节炎的首选方法[25-28]。本次研究显示观察组腕关节滑膜厚度大于对照组,观察组腕关节滑膜增厚、关节腔积液及骨质破坏百分比均高于对照组。我们考虑这与类风湿性关节炎的病程进展有关,腕关节最早受累后出现滑膜炎,随着滑膜炎的进展,滑膜不断增厚,形成血管翳,逐渐破坏骨质,导致关节腔积液及畸形的发生,因此观察组的滑膜、关节、骨质病变的百分比明显高于对照组。同时本研究还发现观察组腕关节滑膜内血流信号丰富百分比明显高于对照组,观察组腕关节滑膜动脉血流RI值低于对照组,我们考虑这与病程进展中滑膜增生有关,增生的滑膜主要由新生血管及炎症细胞组成,因此观察组关节滑膜内血流信号更为丰富,并呈现低阻力状态。由此可见类风湿性关节炎患者有特异的灰阶及彩色多普勒超声表现,采用彩色多普勒超声能够早期对类风湿性关节炎进行有效地诊断,为临床早期治疗提供帮助。但本研究未对治疗后类风湿性关节炎患者的彩色多普勒超声表现进行研究,在下一步研究中将进一步完善[29-33]。
总之,彩色多普勒超声能较好地显示类风湿性关节炎腕关节病变情况,能为临床早期诊断及治疗提供客观的依据。
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(收稿日期:2017-09-13)endprint